ArticleTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH2021
Catastrophic costs among tuberculosis-affected households in Zimbabwe: A national health facility-based survey.
Article in Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Economic burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis on patients and households: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the catastrophic costs incurred by tuberculosis patients.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Economic Burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hypertension Care Among MOPHADHIV Trial Participants: Patient Costs and Determinants of Out-of-Pocket Expenditure in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Trial
- The Impact of Adopting Whole-Genome Sequencing for Tuberculosis Diagnosis in China: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Impact of risk adjustment for drug-resistant types on tuberculosis patients' outcomes under China's innovative payment methods: a quasi-experimental study design.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Pretreatment out-of-pocket costs for people with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Bandung, Indonesia.PloS one · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment Uptake Among People Living with HIV in PEPFAR-Supported Facilities in Zimbabwe.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Economic Burden of Tuberculosis in Iran: A Nationwide Analysis by Drug Resistance and Cost Components.Journal of research in health sciences · 2025Article
- Households of tuberculosis (TB) patients face high TB-related costs in Somalia.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- The catastrophic cost of TB care: Understanding costs incurred by individuals undergoing TB care in low-, middle-, and high-income settings - A systematic review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The burden of tuberculosis and drug resistance in 22 Sub-Saharan African countries, 1990-2021: a GBD 2021 analysis and progress towards WHO 2035 targets with projections to 2050.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Integrated health checks as a person-centred approach to systematic screening of household tuberculosis contacts: A realist-informed mixed-methods study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Cost of TB care and equity in distribution of catastrophic TB care costs across income quintiles in India.Global health research and policy · 2024Article
- Patient costs for drug-resistant TB diagnosis and pre-treatment evaluation in North India.Public health action · 2024Article
- Stigma, depression, quality of life, and the need for psychosocial support among people with tuberculosis in Indonesia: A multi-site cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Person-centered and youth-oriented interventions to improve TB Care for adolescents and young adults.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Higher loss of livelihood and impoverishment in households affected by tuberculosis compared to non-tuberculosis affected households in Zimbabwe: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Strain structure analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating among HIV negative, positive and drug resistant TB patients attending chest clinics in Western Kenya.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
- Determinants of catastrophic costs among households affected by multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Coping with drug resistant tuberculosis alongside COVID-19 and other stressors in Zimbabwe: a qualitative study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the incidence and major drivers of catastrophic costs among TB-affected households in Zimbabwe.
methodsWe conducted a nationally representative health facility-based survey with random cluster sampling among consecutively enrolled drug-susceptible (DS-TB) and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) patients. Costs incurred and income lost due to TB illness were captured using an interviewer-administered standardised questionnaire. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine the risk factors for experiencing catastrophic costs.
resultsA total of 841 patients were enrolled and were weighted to 900 during data analysis. There were 500 (56%) males and 46 (6%) DR-TB patients. Thirty-five (72%) DR-TB patients were HIV co-infected. Overall, 80% (95% CI: 77-82) of TB patients and their households experienced catastrophic costs. The major cost driver pre-TB diagnosis was direct medical costs. Nutritional supplements were the major cost driver post-TB diagnosis, with a median cost of US$360 (IQR: 240-600). Post-TB median diagnosis costs were three times higher among DR-TB (US$1,659 [653-2,787]) than drug DS-TB-affected households (US$537 [204-1,134]). Income loss was five times higher among DR-TB than DS-TB patients. In multivariable analysis, household wealth was the only covariate that remained significantly associated with catastrophic costs: The poorest households had 16 times the odds of incurring catastrophic costs versus the wealthiest households (adjusted odds ratio [aOR: 15.7 95% CI: 7.5-33.1]).
conclusionThe majority of TB-affected households, especially those affected by DR-TB, experienced catastrophic costs. Since the major cost drivers fall outside the healthcare system, multi-sectoral approaches to TB control and linking TB patients to social protection may reduce catastrophic costs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.