ArticleHuman brain mapping2021
Pitfalls in brain age analyses.
Article in Human brain mapping, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Brain Aging in Specific Phobia: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis.Human brain mapping · 2026Pooled it
- Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Speech clocks decode dementia phenotypes, social exposome, and biological aging.Science advances · 2026Article
- Brain Ageing in Social Anxiety Disorder: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis Across 26 International Cohorts.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Depression and aging: insights from brain age prediction models.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Challenges and opportunities of gap score methods for studying psychopathology resilience and vulnerability.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Deep neural networks and genome-wide associations reveal the polygenic architecture of local brain aging.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Aging beyond diagnosis: the MRI brain age gap across disorders.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Functional system-specific brain aging across the Alzheimer's disease continuum.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- A new framework for facial age estimation in humans and AIs.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The exposome of brain aging across 34 countries.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Infratentorial cerebral microbleeds and brain age gap in stroke patients: a cross-sectional neuroimaging study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Increased Brain-Age Gap in Young Adults With Psychotic Experiences.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence-predicted ECG age gap as a biomarker: bias-adjusted correlation with mortality and cardiovascular risk factors.European heart journal. Digital health · 2026Article
- Deviation in development of dorsal association tracts during preadolescence links to concurrent and future cognitive performance and transdiagnostic psychopathology.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Replicated evidence for an accelerated rate of whole-body aging in schizophrenia.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Spatial heterogeneity and subtypes of functional connectivity development in youth.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Prediction of brain age using structural magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of clinical utility of publicly available software packages.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Brain age gap as a diffusion MRI-based marker of traumatic brain injury-related brain changes and associated outcomes.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Cognitive Age Delta as a Marker of Healthy and Pathological Cognitive Aging: The Role of Lifestyle, Cognitive Reserve, and Vascular Risk.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been an abundance of research on the difference between age and age predicted using brain features, which is commonly referred to as the "brain age gap." Researchers have identified that the brain age gap, as a linear transformation of an out-of-sample residual, is dependent on age. As such, any group differences on the brain age gap could simply be due to group differences on age. To mitigate the brain age gap's dependence on age, it has been proposed that age be regressed out of the brain age gap. If this modified brain age gap is treated as a corrected deviation from age, model accuracy statistics such as R
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.