Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34189331›Full record

ArticleHeliyon2021

Salivary SARS-CoV-2 load reduction with mouthwash use: A randomized pilot clinical trial.

Fernanda de Paula Eduardo, Luciana Corrêa, Debora Heller, Carlo Amorin Daep, Carlos Benitez, Zilson Malheiros, Bernal Stewart, Maria Ryan, Clarisse Martins Machado, Nelson Hamerschlak and 2 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Heliyon, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
54citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
23.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

54 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Trial
  10. Trial
  11. Trial
  12. Trial
  13. Efficacy of Mouthwashes Delivered via Dental Unit Waterlines in Reducing Aerosolized Surrogate SARS-CoV-2.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026
    Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Fernanda de Paula EduardoHospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
Luciana CorrêaSchool of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Debora HellerHospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
Carlo Amorin DaepColgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Carlos BenitezLatin American Oral Health Association, São Paulo, Brazil.
Zilson MalheirosColgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Bernal StewartColgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Maria RyanColgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Clarisse Martins MachadoHospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
Nelson HamerschlakHospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
João Renato Rebello PinhoHospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
Letícia Mello BezinelliHospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
Colgate-Palmolive (United States) · USHospital Israelita Albert Einstein · BRUniversidade de São Paulo · BRThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The saliva of patients with COVID-19 has a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load. The risk of spreading the virus is high, and procedures for viral load reduction in the oral cavity are important. Little research to date has been performed on the effect of mouthwashes on the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load. This pilot randomized single-center clinical trial investigated whether three types of mouthwash with solutions containing either 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride plus 0.28% zinc lactate (CPC + Zn), 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva at different time points. Sixty SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were recruited and randomly partitioned into a placebo (oral rinsing with distilled water) group and other groups according to the type of mouthwash. Saliva samples were collected from the participants before rinsing (T0), immediately after rinsing (T1), 30 min after rinsing (T2), and 60 min after rinsing (T3). The salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load was measured by qRT-PCR assays. Rinsing with HP and CPC + Zn resulted in better reductions in viral load, with 15.8 ± 0.08- and 20.4 ± 3.7-fold reductions at T1, respectively. Although the CPC + Zn group maintained a 2.6 ± 0.1-fold reduction at T3, this trend was not observed for HP. HP mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 viral load up to 30 min after rinsing (6.5 ± 3.4). The CHX mouthwash significantly reduced the viral load at T1, T2, and T3 (2.1 ± 1.5-, 6.2 ± 3.8-, and 4.2 ± 2.4-fold reductions, respectively). In conclusion, mouthwash with CPC + Zinc and CHX resulted in significant reductions of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva up to 60 mins after rinsing, while HP mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction up to 30 mins after rinsing. Despite this transitory effect, these results encourage further studies and suggest that these products could be considered as risk-mitigation strategies for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Indexed as

Antimicrobial agentsCetylpyridiniumChlorhexidine gluconateHydrogen peroxideSalivaSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID34189331
PMCPMC8222261
OpenAlexW3175846941

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.