ArticleScientific reports2021
A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dietary magnesium intake and dementia risk in community-dwelling people aged 40-74 years: an 8-year cohort study.Journal of nutritional science · 2026Article
- Understanding worldwide skin atopy across regions. Environmental, cultural, genetic, and lifestyle factors.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- A Hot-Spring Water Improves Inflammatory Conditions in an Injury-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Mouse Model by Regulating Skin Barrier Function.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Assessment of flavivirus RNA stability and infectivity in various water environments.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- Effects of deep-sea water on training efficiency, locomotor function and respiratory metabolism in young and aged mice.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Distribution of inorganic compositions of Japanese tap water: a nationwide survey in 2019-2024.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Immunostimulatory Effects of Korean Mineral-Rich Seawaters on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice.Marine drugs · 2024Article
- Review
- Water properties and quality of the largest rice production region in Japan and their influence on the reproduction of zebrafish.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- Article
- Optimization and Effect of Water Hardness for the Production of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on Sanitization Efficacy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive overall tap water hardness assessment for Japan. Tap water was collected from 665 points throughout Japan, and its standing position was quantitatively clarified by prefecture. The mean and median hardness of tap water in Japan was 48.9 ± 25.8 (1σ SD) and 46.0 mg/L, respectively. Compared with 27 other countries, Japan exhibited soft water with low-mineral content. Water hardness tended to be high in the Kanto region and low in the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions. The impact of the distribution system's water pipes on tap water hardness is discussed using a unified index to evaluate variations in hardness from raw to tap water. A comparison of the variations in hardness showed that hardness variations from raw to purified water and from purified to tap water exhibited a 20% variation range. Furthermore, tap water hardness and its fluctuations in any region of Japan were found to be caused by raw water hardness. It was demonstrated that the distribution pipe system had no large impacts on water hardness.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.