ArticleVaccine2021
Recent MMR vaccination in health care workers and Covid-19: A test negative case-control study.
Article in Vaccine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- No evidence of MMR induced trained immunity to prevent SARS COV2: results from a multi-centre RCT.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Disentangling Shared and Differential Genetic Architectures Between COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Disorders-A Genome-Wide Multi-Omics Framework.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity Induced by Vaccines: A Shifting Paradigm for Infant and Adult Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Effectiveness and Immunogenicity of the MMR Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Among Healthcare Workers.Viruses · 2025Article
- Temporary consumption of western diet trains the immune system to reduce future gut inflammation.iScience · 2023Article
- Serological Response to COVID-19 and Its Association With Measles-Rubella (MR)-Containing Vaccines.Cureus · 2023Article
- Effect of MMR Vaccination to Mitigate Severe Sequelae Associated With COVID-19: Challenges and Lessons Learned.Medical research archives · 2023Article
- Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID-19.Allergy · 2023Review
- Beneficial non-specific effects of live vaccines against COVID-19 and other unrelated infections.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Review
- Does Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination Protect against COVID-19 Outcomes: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Article
- Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines: Risks, benefits and control of the pandemic.World journal of virology · 2022Review
- Oral Polio Vaccine to Mitigate the Risk of Illness and Mortality During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Cluster-Randomized Trial in Guinea-Bissau.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Does the rubella immunoglobulin G affect the severity of COVID- 19? : Rubella immunoglobulin G and COVID- 19.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- COVID-19 susceptibility and vaccination coverage for measles, rubella and mumps in students and healthcare workers in Trieste hospitals (NE Italy).Vaccine: X · 2022Article
- BCG revaccination qualitatively and quantitatively enhances SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific neutralizing antibody and T cell responses induced by the COVISHIELDResearch square · 2022Article
- COVID-19 vaccine development based on recombinant viral and bacterial vector systems: combinatorial effect of adaptive and trained immunity.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2022Review
- Vaccination With Routine Childhood Vaccines and Severity of COVID-19 Among Children in Delhi.Indian pediatrics · 2022Article
- Why Does the Severity of COVID-19 Differ With Age?: Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying the Age Gradient in Outcome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIt has been hypothesised that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine may afford cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 which may contribute to the wide variability in disease severity of Covid-19.
methodsWe employed a test negative case-control study, utilising a recent measles outbreak during which many healthcare workers received the MMR vaccine, to investigate the potential protective effect of MMR against SARS-CoV-2 in 5905 subjects (n = 805 males, n = 5100 females).
resultsThe odds ratio for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, in recently MMR-vaccinated compared to not recently MMR-vaccinated individuals was 0.91 (95% CI 0.76, 1.09). An interaction analysis showed a significant interaction for sex. After sex-stratification, the odds ratio for testing positive for males was 0.43 (95% CI 0.24, 0.79, P = 0.006), and 1.01 (95% CI 0.83, 1.22, P = 0.92) for females.
conclusionOur results indicate that there may be a protective effect of the MMR vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in males but not females.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.