ArticleAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2021
Characterisation of mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr-3 and mcr-5) in river and storm water in regions of the Western Cape of South Africa.
Article in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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17 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic characterization of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli with metallo beta lactamase production and mcr based colistin resistance causing soft tissue infections: a seven-year hospital based prospective cross-sectional study.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Silent Threat Evolution: Critically Important Carbapenem and Colistin Resistance Genes in the Natural Aquatic Environment.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Emerging Mobile Colistin Resistance GeneInfection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- The multifaceted roles of phosphoethanolamine-modified lipopolysaccharides: from stress response and virulence to cationic antimicrobial resistance.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024Review
- The gut microbiome and resistome of yellow perch (One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Whole genome analysis of multidrug-resistantMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Antimicrobial ResistantInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance Elements in Coastal Water of Llanquihue Lake, Chile.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Incidence, identification and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. in the well waters of Tadla Plain, Morocco.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial resistance detection methods in water environments: a scoping review.Sustainable microbiology · 2024Review
- Colistin Resistance Mediated byInfection and drug resistance · 2024Article
- Escherichia coli B-Strains Are Intrinsically Resistant to Colistin and Not Suitable for Characterization and Identification ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Genomic Characterization ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- More thanFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Emergence ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Molecular Detection of Integrons, Colistin andMicroorganisms · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundColistin is regarded as a last-resort antimicrobial against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), therefore the dissemination of colistin resistance in the environment is of great concern. Horizontal transfer of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes to potential pathogens poses a serious problem. This study aimed to describe the presence of colistin resistant GNB and mcr genes in river and storm water in regions of the Western Cape.
methodsWater samples were collected from three rivers during May 2019 and January 2020 and two storm water samples were collected in November 2019. Colistin resistant GNB were cultured on MacConkey agar containing colistin and identified by MALDI-TOF. Colistin resistance was confirmed using broth microdilution (BMD). mcr-1-5 genes were detected by PCR performed directly on the water samples and on the colistin resistant isolates. mcr functionality was assessed by BMD after cloning the mcr genes into pET-48b(+) and expression in SHuffle T7 E. coli.
resultsmcr-5.1 and various mcr-3 gene variants were detected in the Plankenburg-, Eerste- and Berg rivers and in storm water from Muizenberg, and only mcr-5.1 was detected in storm water from Fish Hoek. Colistin resistant GNB were isolated from all of the water sources. Aeromonas spp. were the most common colistin resistant organisms detected in the water sources; 25% (6/24) of colistin resistant Aeromonas spp. isolated from the Berg river contained novel mcr-3 variants; mcr-3.33 (n = 1), mcr-3.34 (n = 1) mcr-3.35 (n = 1) mcr-3.36 (n = 2) and mcr-3.37 (n = 1), which were confirmed to confer colistin resistance.
conclusionsThe mcr-5.1 and mcr-3 colistin resistance gene variants were present in widely dispersed water sources in regions of the Western Cape. The mcr genes were only detected in water sampled downstream of and alongside communities, suggesting that their presence is driven by human influence/contamination. This is the first documentation of mcr-3 and mcr-5 gene variants in any setting in South Africa. Spill-over of these genes to communities could result in horizontal gene transfer to pathogenic bacteria, exacerbating the challenge of controlling multidrug resistant GNB infections.
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