ArticleBMC public health2021
Association between income levels and prevalence of heat- and cold-related illnesses in Korean adults.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between extreme temperature events and daily step counts by weight status and modifying effects of sociodemographic factors: a longitudinal study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Climate vulnerability factors for temperature-related respiratory mortality: a nationwide two-stage time-series study from 2008 to 2021.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Reported Cases of Cold-related Illnesses in Daegu and Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea, 2019-2025.Jugan geon-gang gwa jilbyeong · 2026Article
- Heat stress-induced heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expressions among vulnerable populations in urban and rural areas Klang Valley, Malaysia.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- From inequalities to vulnerability paradoxes: juxtaposing older adults' heat mortality risk and heat experiences.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Racial and Economic Disparities in High-Temperature Exposure in Brazil.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Global burden of ischemic heart disease in older adult populations linked to non-optimal temperatures: past (1990-2021) and future (2022-2050) analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Assessment of heat stress contributing factors in the indoor environment among vulnerable populations in Klang Valley using principal component analysis (PCA).Scientific reports · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGiven that low income worsens health outcomes, income differences may affect health disparities in weather-related illnesses. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between income levels and prevalence of heat- and cold-related illnesses among Korean adults.
methodsThe current study comprised 535,186 participants with all variables on income and health behaviors. Patients with temperature-related illnesses were defined as individuals with outpatient medical code of heat- and cold-related illnesses. We categorized individual income into three levels: "low" for the fourth quartile (0-25%), "middle" for the second and the third quartiles (25-75%), and "high" for the first quartile (75-100%). To examine income-related health disparities, Cox proportional hazard regression was performed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CI (confidence interval) for heat- and cold-related illnesses were provided. The model adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol drinking, exercise, body mass index, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and local income per capita.
resultsA total of 5066 (0.95%) and 3302 (0.62%) cases identified patients with heat- and cold-related illnesses, respectively. Compared with high income patients, the adjusted HR for heat-related illnesses was significantly increased in the low income (adjusted HR = 1.103; 95% CI: 1.022-1.191). For cold-related illnesses, participants with low income were likely to have 1.217 times greater likelihood than those with high income (95% CI: 1.107-1.338), after adjusting for other covariates. In the stratified analysis of age (20-64 years and over 65 years) and sex, there was no difference in the likelihood of heat-related illnesses according to income levels. On the other hand, an HR for cold-related illnesses was higher in patients aged 20 to 64 years than in those aged over 65 years. Male with low income had also a higher HR for cold-related illnesses than female with low income.
conclusionsOur results showed that heat- or cold-related illnesses were more prevalent in Koreans with low income than those with high income. Strategies for low-income subgroups were needed to reduce greater damage due to the influence of extreme temperature events and to implement effective adaptation.
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