ArticleNature genetics2021
Orphan CpG islands amplify poised enhancer regulatory activity and determine target gene responsiveness.
Article in Nature genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Robust regulatory interplay of enhancers, facilitators, and promoters in a native chromatin context.Cell · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and functional implications of long-range enhancer-dependent gene regulation.Nature genetics · 2026Review
- Transcription and Three-Dimensional Genome Organization: Cause, Consequence, or Coordination?BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Polycomb chromatin topology enables long-range enhancer recruitment during craniofacial development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Dual role of ZIC2 during neural induction: from priming transcription factor to enhancer activator.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Facilitators may represent a new class of regulatory elements.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2026Review
- Enhancer-dependent gene regulation in space, time, and malignancies.International journal of cancer · 2026Review
- Enhancer Trajectories in Lineage Commitment: Regulatory Logic of States and Cooperation.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Multiple human enhancer RNAs contain long translated open reading frames.Genes & development · 2025Article
- Engineering the Link: From Genome Interaction Maps to Functional Insight.Advanced biology · 2025Review
- Brain DNA Methylation Atlas of AppAging cell · 2025Article
- Roles of transposable elements and DNA methylation in the formation of CpG islands and CpG-depleted regulatory elements.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Individuals with intellectual disability have an increased burden ofmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Genetic factors mediating long-range enhancer-promoter communication in mammalian development.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2025Review
- Integration of CRISPR/dCas9-Based methylation editing with guide positioning sequencing identifies dynamic changes of mrDEGs in breast cancer progression.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- A near-complete genome assembly of the bearded dragon Pogona vitticeps provides insights into the origin of Pogona sex chromosomes.GigaScience · 2025Article
- DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2025Review
- DNA regulatory element cooperation and competition in transcription.BMB reports · 2024Review
- Functional characteristics and computational model of abundant hyperactive loci in the human genome.eLife · 2024Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
CpG islands (CGIs) represent a widespread feature of vertebrate genomes, being associated with ~70% of all gene promoters. CGIs control transcription initiation by conferring nearby promoters with unique chromatin properties. In addition, there are thousands of distal or orphan CGIs (oCGIs) whose functional relevance is barely known. Here we show that oCGIs are an essential component of poised enhancers that augment their long-range regulatory activity and control the responsiveness of their target genes. Using a knock-in strategy in mouse embryonic stem cells, we introduced poised enhancers with or without oCGIs within topologically associating domains harboring genes with different types of promoters. Analysis of the resulting cell lines revealed that oCGIs act as tethering elements that promote the physical and functional communication between poised enhancers and distally located genes, particularly those with large CGI clusters in their promoters. Therefore, by acting as genetic determinants of gene-enhancer compatibility, CGIs can contribute to gene expression control under both physiological and potentially pathological conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.