ArticleNucleic acids research2021
DNA methylation by three Type I restriction modification systems of Escherichia coli does not influence gene regulation of the host bacterium.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Type I restriction-modification systems regulate gene expression through DNA topology.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Acquisition of a novel restriction modification system regulates genetic flux and gene expression in the hypervirulent and globally disseminated CC17 lineage of group B Streptococcus.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Epigenetic regulation and antimicrobial resistance: functional roles of DNA methylation.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Pathotype-specific antimicrobial resistance in diarrheagenicFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Genomic Insights into the Pathogenicity of HypervirulentPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Epigenetic background of lineage-specific gene expression landscapes of four Staphylococcus aureus hospital isolates.PloS one · 2025Article
- A Rhein-Based Derivative TargetsAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Moving toward the Inclusion of Epigenomics in Bacterial Genome Evolution: Perspectives and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Interplay of intracellular and trans-cellular DNA methylation in natural archaeal consortia.Environmental microbiology reports · 2024Article
- Epigenetic-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance: Host versus Pathogen Epigenetic Alterations.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Phase-variable Type I methyltransferase M.NgoAV fromFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
DNA methylation is a common epigenetic mark that influences transcriptional regulation, and therefore cellular phenotype, across all domains of life. In particular, both orphan methyltransferases and those from phasevariable restriction modification systems (RMSs) have been co-opted to regulate virulence epigenetically in many bacteria. We now show that three distinct non-phasevariable Type I RMSs in Escherichia coli have no measurable impact on gene expression, in vivo virulence, or any of 1190 in vitro growth phenotypes. We demonstrated this using both Type I RMS knockout mutants as well as heterologous installation of Type I RMSs into two E. coli strains. These data provide three clear and currently rare examples of restriction modification systems that have no impact on their host organism's gene regulation. This leads to the possibility that other such nonregulatory methylation systems may exist, broadening our view of the potential role that RMSs may play in bacterial evolution.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.