ArticleProgress in orthodontics2021
Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of clear aligners after thermoforming and aging.
Article in Progress in orthodontics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Ageing effects on chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of clear aligners - a systematic review.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Pooled it
- The effectiveness of orthodontic treatment with clear aligners in different thicknesses.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Impact of Different Cleaning Protocols on the Optical and Morphological Properties of 3D-Printed Aligners After In Vitro Aging.European journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Forces and Moments Generated by Thermoforming Aligners and Direct-Printed Aligners: A Systematic Review.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- The effect of thermoforming foils' material and thickness on the physical properties of orthodontic clear aligners: an in vitro study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Direct-printed aligners in orthodontics: Integrating digital design, materials science, and clinical biomechanics.Korean journal of orthodontics · 2026Review
- Arch width changes following first premolar extractions: a comparison between invisalign and fixed appliances.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printable Aligner Resins: An In Vitro Study with FTIR Chemical Characterization.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Thermoforming time variability of PET-G and TPU aligner sheets across consecutive thermoforming cycles: an in vitro study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Review
- Automated micro-CT quantification of clear aligner fit: a pilot comparison of manufacturing processes.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Thickness-dependent biomechanical accuracy of additively manufactured and thermoformed orthodontic aligners: an in vitro comparative study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Pressure-based finite element analysis of setup distance in clear aligner canine retraction comparing bodily and tipping movements.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Effects of microplastic release from 3D-printed orthodontic aligners: a histological and immunological bioassay approach.European journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- Dimensional behaviors of direct-printed versus thermoformed clear retainers in relation to changes of inter-piece occlusal contact distribution measured by T-scan after intraoral aging: a prospective clinical study.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Article
- Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the effects of different distal-end aligner designs on maxillary premolar distalization.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Effect of 3D-printed model base height on thickness distribution of thermoformed zendura FLX dual-layer clear aligners: anFrontiers in dental medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Measurement of Aligner Thickness and Gap Width in Two Types of Clear Aligner Sheets Manufactured Using Two Different Thermoforming Machines - A Nano-CT Pilot Study.Turkish journal of orthodontics · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBased on the role of properties of aligner materials on their efficiency, we aimed to assess their thermomechanical properties after thermoforming and simulated aging.
methodsIn this experimental study, 96 samples of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) aligners (Duran and Erkodur) were prepared and divided to three groups: control (C), after thermoforming (T), after thermoforming and aging (TA). Thermoforming was done through 3D-printed molds, and aging was exerted by 200 thermal cycles after immersion in 37°C distilled water for 24h. Flexural modulus, hardness, glass transition temperature (Tg), elastic and viscous modulus, and loss factor were evaluated. Two-way ANOVA, T-independent, and Tukey HSD tests were done for statistical analysis and significance level was set to 0.05.
resultsIn both materials, flexural modulus decreased significantly after thermoforming, 88% in Duran and 70% in Erkodur, but did not change significantly after aging. After thermoforming, hardness decreased significantly in both materials (22% in Duran and 7.6% in Erkodur). Dynamic Tg was significantly lower in T and TA in both materials. At all temperatures (25, 37, 55°C) in Duran, the elastic modulus difference was only significant between C and TA, but in Erkodur, it decreased significantly in T, and there was no significant change after aging. Viscous modulus and loss factor showed the same change patterns at all temperatures. In both materials, they increased after thermoforming, but did not change significantly after aging.
conclusionThermoforming had more prominent role than aging in diminishing of thermomechanical properties. In general, Duran had greater thermomechanical stability than Erkodur.
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