ReviewFrontiers in robotics and AI2021
Electrically Tunable Lenses: A Review.
Review in Frontiers in robotics and AI, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Droplets sitting on thin elastic sheets: a study with the boundary element method.The European physical journal. E, Soft matter · 2026Article
- Fast volumetric imaging of a zebrafish seizure model with adaptive optics light sheet microscopy.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- Bioinspired photoresponsive soft robotic lens.Science robotics · 2025Article
- Rapid axially scanned and de-scanned line-scan confocal microscopy with a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens for high-speed volumetricNeurophotonics · 2025Article
- Contrast sensitivity is resilient to induced fast periodic defocus oscillations.Biomedical optics express · 2024Article
- A tunable flat terahertz lens using Dirac semimetals: a simulation study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Multibeam continuous axial scanning two-photon microscopy forBiomedical optics express · 2024Article
- Toward Tunable Protein-Driven Hydrogel Lens.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Optical beam scanner with reconfigurable non-mechanical control of beam position, angle, and focus for low-cost whole-eye OCT imaging.Biomedical optics express · 2023Article
- Connected Droplet Shape Analysis for Nanoflow Quantification in Thin Electroosmotic Micropumps and a Tunable Convex Lens Application.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2023Article
- Electrically Tunable Lenses for Imaging and Light Manipulation.Micromachines · 2023Review
- Recent Development of Tunable Optical Devices Based on Liquid.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Fast volumetric imaging with line-scan confocal microscopy by electrically tunable lens at resonant frequency.Optics express · 2022Article
- Dual-wavelength multimodal multiphoton microscope with SMA-based depth scanning.Biomedical optics express · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Optical lenses with electrically controllable focal length are of growing interest, in order to reduce the complexity, size, weight, response time and power consumption of conventional focusing/zooming systems, based on glass lenses displaced by motors. They might become especially relevant for diverse robotic and machine vision-based devices, including cameras not only for portable consumer electronics (e.g. smart phones) and advanced optical instrumentation (e.g. microscopes, endoscopes, etc.), but also for emerging applications like small/micro-payload drones and wearable virtual/augmented-reality systems. This paper reviews the most widely studied strategies to obtain such varifocal "smart lenses", which can electrically be tuned, either directly or via electro-mechanical or electro-thermal coupling. Only technologies that ensure controllable focusing of multi-chromatic light, with spatial continuity (i.e. continuous tunability) in wavefronts and focal lengths, as required for visible-range imaging, are considered. Both encapsulated fluid-based lenses and fully elastomeric lenses are reviewed, ranging from proof-of-concept prototypes to commercially available products. They are classified according to the focus-changing principles of operation, and they are described and compared in terms of advantages and drawbacks. This systematic overview should help to stimulate further developments in the field.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.