ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Unbiased Analysis of Temporal Changes in Immune Serum Markers in Acute COVID-19 Infection With Emphasis on Organ Failure, Anti-Viral Treatment, and Demographic Characteristics.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneity of Immunological, Coagulation and Complement Clustering to Viral Challenge and Clinical Relevance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Computational proteomics to enhance personalized treatment of COVID-19 and Long COVID.Clinical proteomics · 2026Review
- Olink Proteomics in Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review of Applications From Biomarker Discovery to Pathophysiological Insights and Clinical Implementation.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Protein profiling in intensive care unit-treated COVID-19 patients identifies biomarkers of residual lung abnormalities.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- C-C Motif Ligand 7 and C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3 Dysregulation in Patients With Scrub Typhus and Association With Mortality.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Research Trends in Proteomic Studies Using Serum from COVID-19 Patients: A Bibliometric Analysis.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Distinct proteomic signatures in Ethiopians predict acute and long-term sequelae of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Complex changes in serum protein levels in COVID-19 convalescents.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Predictive biomarkers of mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 hospitalized in intensive care unit.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Potential marker subset of blood-circulating cytokines on hematopoietic progenitor-to-Th1 pathway in COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Plasma Proteomics Unveil Novel Immune Signatures and Biomarkers upon SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Integration of protein context improves protein-based COVID-19 patient stratification.Clinical proteomics · 2022Article
- The role of IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in pathogenesis of COVID-19.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Article
- Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2022Observational
- What we know and still ignore on COVID-19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on the experience of allergic disorders.Allergy · 2022Review
- Microglia Do Not Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Replication following Infection of the Central Nervous System of K18-Human ACE2 Transgenic Mice.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Evaluating the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors involved in coronavirus infection.Expert review of clinical immunology · 2022Article
- Antibody-Based Affinity Capture Combined with LC-MS Analysis for Identification of COVID-19 Disease Serum Biomarkers.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Article
- Microglia do not restrict SARS-CoV-2 replication following infection of the central nervous system of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Identification of novel immune biomarkers to gauge the underlying pathology and severity of COVID-19 has been difficult due to the lack of longitudinal studies. Here, we analyzed serum collected upon COVID-19 admission (t1), 48 hours (t2), and seven days later (t3) using Olink proteomics and correlated to clinical, demographics, and therapeutic data. Older age positively correlated with decorin, pleiotrophin, and TNFRS21 but inversely correlated with chemokine (both C-C and C-X-C type) ligands, monocyte attractant proteins (MCP) and TNFRS14. The burden of pre-existing conditions was positively correlated with MCP-4, CAIX, TWEAK, TNFRS12A, and PD-L2 levels. Individuals with COVID-19 demonstrated increased expression of several chemokines, most notably from the C-C and C-X-C family, as well as MCP-1 and MCP-3 early in the course of the disease. Similarly, deceased individuals had elevated MCP-1 and MCP-3 as well as Gal-9 serum levels. LAMP3, GZMB, and LAG3 at admission correlated with mortality. Only CX3CL13 and MCP-4 correlated positively with APACHE score and length of stay, while decorin, MUC-16 and TNFRSF21 with being admitted to the ICU. We also identified several organ-failure-specific immunological markers, including those for respiratory (IL-18, IL-15, Gal-9) or kidney failure (CD28, VEGF). Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, convalescent plasma, and steroids had a very limited effect on the serum variation of biomarkers. Our study identified several potential targets related to COVID-19 heterogeneity (MCP-1, MCP-3, MCP-4, TNFR superfamily members, and programmed death-ligand), suggesting a potential role of these molecules in the pathology of COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.