ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macrophage Trogocytosis of Tumor Cells Drives the Immunosuppression of Tumor Microenvironment.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- Studying Macromolecular Composition in Cell-Cell Interfaces Using 3D Membrane Reconstitution Systems.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The importance of phagocytosis and its effect on the immune system.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Proteomics signature of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Engineering macrophages for cancer immunotherapy: emerging insights and therapeutic potential.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer disease.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Microglial pathological synaptic pruning in epilepsy: pathophysiology and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Molecular mimicry revisited: novel perspectives on autoimmune disease initiation and progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Macrophages discriminate and sort pathogenic bacteria and apoptotic material during dual-target phagocytosis.PloS one · 2026Article
- Submicron-Sampling of Living Cells by Macrophages.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- C1q limits cystoid edema by maintaining basal β-catenin-dependent signaling and blood-retina barrier function.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Caloric restriction promotes resolution of atherosclerosis in obese mice, while weight regain accelerates its progression.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Extracorporeal Photopheresis Stimulates Tissue Repair after Transplantation.Transplantation direct · 2025Article
- Polyploidy promotes transformation of epithelial cells into nonprofessional phagocytes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Molecular Dynamics of Trogocytosis and Other Contact-Dependent Cell Trafficking Mechanisms in Tumor Pathogenesis.Cancers · 2025Review
- Ex vivo engineering of phagocytic signals in breast cancer cells for a whole tumor cell-based vaccine.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Glycoproteomics of Gastrointestinal Cancers and Its Use in Clinical Diagnostics.Journal of proteome research · 2025Review
- Macrophages in prostate cancer: dual roles in tumor progression and immune evasion.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mammalian phagocytes can phagocytose (i.e. eat) other mammalian cells in the body if they display certain signals, and this phagocytosis plays fundamental roles in development, cell turnover, tissue homeostasis and disease prevention. To phagocytose the correct cells, phagocytes must discriminate which cells to eat using a 'phagocytic code' - a set of over 50 known phagocytic signals determining whether a cell is eaten or not - comprising find-me signals, eat-me signals, don't-eat-me signals and opsonins. Most opsonins require binding to eat-me signals - for example, the opsonins galectin-3, calreticulin and C1q bind asialoglycan eat-me signals on target cells - to induce phagocytosis. Some proteins act as 'self-opsonins', while others are 'negative opsonins' or 'phagocyte suppressants', inhibiting phagocytosis. We review known phagocytic signals here, both established and novel, and how they integrate to regulate phagocytosis of several mammalian targets - including excess cells in development, senescent and aged cells, infected cells, cancer cells, dead or dying cells, cell debris and neuronal synapses. Understanding the phagocytic code, and how it goes wrong, may enable novel therapies for multiple pathologies with too much or too little phagocytosis, such as: infectious disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disease, cardiovascular disease, ageing and auto-immune disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.