Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34177670›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2021

Ceremonial Ayahuasca in Amazonian Retreats-Mental Health and Epigenetic Outcomes From a Six-Month Naturalistic Study.

Simon G D Ruffell, Nige Netzband, WaiFung Tsang, Merlin Davies, Matthew Butler, James J H Rucker, Luís Fernando Tófoli, Emma Louise Dempster, Allan H Young, Celia J A Morgan

Erratum issuedAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Trials, trips, and tribulations: pathways for implementing psychedelic therapy in Ireland.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
    Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Epigenetic Echoes: Bridging Nature, Nurture, and Healing Across Generations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Effects of Psychedelics in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2024
    Observational
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Ayahuasca: A review of historical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2023
    Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Simon G D RuffellDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, United Kingdom.
Nige NetzbandDepartment of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.
WaiFung TsangKings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.
Merlin DaviesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Matthew ButlerKings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.
James J H RuckerKings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.
Luís Fernando TófoliInterdisciplinary Cooperation for Ayahuasca Research and Outreach (ICARO), University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Emma Louise DempsterCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Allan H YoungDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, United Kingdom.
Celia J A MorganCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.

Funding

Medical Research Council MC_PC_MR/R019991/1Medical Research Council MR/L023032/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Ayahuasca is a natural psychoactive brew, used in traditional ceremonies in the Amazon basin. Recent research has indicated that ayahuasca is pharmacologically safe and its use may be positively associated with improvements in psychiatric symptoms. The mechanistic effects of ayahuasca are yet to be fully established. In this prospective naturalistic study, 63 self-selected participants took part in ayahuasca ceremonies at a retreat centre in the Peruvian Amazon. Participants undertook the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Self-compassion Scale (SCS), Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM), as well as secondary measures, pre- and post-retreat and at 6-months. Participants also provided saliva samples for pre/post epigenetic analysis. Overall, a statistically significant decrease in BDI-II (13.9 vs. 6.1,

Indexed as

ayahuascaceremonyDMTepigeneticmental healthpsychedelicretreattrauma

Identifiers

PMID34177670
PMCPMC8221532

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.