Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34175975›Full record

ArticleArchives of gynecology and obstetrics2021

Natural history of urinary incontinence from first childbirth to 30-months postpartum.

Krishna Patel, Jaime B Long, Sarah S Boyd, Kristen H Kjerulff

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.2field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in postpartum women and physiotherapy interventions applied: An integrative review.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Krishna PatelDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
Jaime B LongDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA. jlong19@pennstatehealth.psu.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-4578-7989
Sarah S BoydDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
Kristen H KjerulffDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center · US

Funding

Mode of First Delivery and Subsequent Child-BearingR01HD052990 · NICHD · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV HERSHEY MED CTR · PI KJERULFF, KRISTEN HAWTHORNE · 2008 to 2012
$3.9M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD052990
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of UI in a large cohort of primiparous women before and during pregnancy and over the course of 30-months postpartum, and to identify risk factors for UI during and after pregnancy.

methodsNulliparous women aged 18-35 years with singleton pregnancies were interviewed in their third trimester and asked about urinary incontinence before and during pregnancy (n = 3001). After delivery these women were interviewed at 1, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30-months postpartum and asked about urinary incontinence occurring in the month prior to each interview. Multivariable logistic regression models identified risk factors for UI during pregnancy and during the follow-up period.

resultsOverall, 4% reported having urinary incontinence before pregnancy and 36.8% during pregnancy. The strongest predictor of urinary incontinence during pregnancy was urinary incontinence before pregnancy (adjusted OR 13.11, 95% CI 7.43-23.13). Among the women with no subsequent pregnancies, the rate of urinary incontinence increased from 12.5% at 6-months postpartum to 27.4% at 30-months postpartum, 52.1% reported UI at one or more postpartum data collection stages, and the strongest predictors of postpartum UI were UI before pregnancy (adjusted OR 3.95 (95% CI 1.60-9.75) and during pregnancy (adjusted OR 4.36, 95% CI 3.24-5.87).

conclusionOur findings suggest that primiparous women who report UI before and during pregnancy should be monitored for the continuation or worsening of UI over the course of the first 2-3 years postpartum, and treatment options discussed.

Indexed as

Postpartum PeriodAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansIncidenceParityPregnancyPregnancy ComplicationsPrevalenceProspective StudiesRisk FactorsSeverity of Illness IndexUnited StatesUrinary IncontinenceNatural historyPostpartumPregnancyPrimiparousUrinary incontinence

Identifiers

PMID34175975
OpenAlexW3163877328

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.