ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2022
Assessing secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke exposure in Canadian infants using questionnaires, biomarkers, and machine learning.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of Assessment Methods for Detecting Nicotine Residue and Its Impact on Humans: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Insights into the validity of concurrent and retrospective maternal report of infant smoke exposure using biomarker-based validation.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy: Nicotine metabolites in maternal urine and breast milk as biomarkers of infant birth weight and length, a cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Thirdhand Smoke and Neonatal/Pediatric Health: A Scoping Review on Nursing Implications.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Harnessing machine learning in contemporary tobacco research.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Assessing parental awareness and concerns about children's tobacco smoke exposure: a community-based analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and sleep disturbance in school-aged children in Appalachian Ohio.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Sex-Dependent Occlusive Cardiovascular Disease Effects of Short-Term Thirdhand Smoke Exposure.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a multi-city cohort of children with asthma: Analyzing true exposure and the validity of caregiver survey.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2024Article
- Thirdhand Smoke Knowledge, Beliefs and Behaviors among Parents and Families: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Distinguishing Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke among U.S. Children Using Machine Learning: NHANES 2013-2016.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Unintentional Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Exposure and Risk Assessment of Second- and Third-Hand Tobacco Smoke Using Urinary Cotinine Levels in South Korea.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs smoking prevalence has decreased in Canada, particularly during pregnancy and around children, and technological improvements have lowered detection limits, the use of traditional tobacco smoke biomarkers in infant populations requires re-evaluation.
objectiveWe evaluated concentrations of urinary nicotine biomarkers, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC), and questionnaire responses. We used machine learning and prediction modeling to understand sources of tobacco smoke exposure for infants from the CHILD Cohort Study.
methodsMultivariable linear regression models, chosen through a combination of conceptual and data-driven strategies including random forest regression, assessed the ability of questionnaires to predict variation in urinary cotinine and 3HC concentrations of 2017 3-month-old infants.
resultsAlthough only 2% of mothers reported smoking prior to and throughout their pregnancy, cotinine and 3HC were detected in 76 and 89% of the infants' urine (n = 2017). Questionnaire-based models explained 31 and 41% of the variance in cotinine and 3HC levels, respectively. Observed concentrations suggest 0.25 and 0.50 ng/mL as cut-points in cotinine and 3HC to characterize SHS exposure. This cut-point suggests that 23.5% of infants had moderate or regular smoke exposure. SIGNIFICANCE: Though most people make efforts to reduce exposure to their infants, parents do not appear to consider the pervasiveness and persistence of secondhand and thirdhand smoke. More than half of the variation in urinary cotinine and 3HC in infants could not be predicted with modeling. The pervasiveness of thirdhand smoke, the potential for dermal and oral routes of nicotine exposure, along with changes in public perceptions of smoking exposure and risk warrant further exploration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.