Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34175001›Full record

Trial reportThe Lancet. Public health2021

Targeted smoking cessation for dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes: a randomised controlled trial.

Ursula Martinez, Vani N Simmons, Steven K Sutton, David J Drobes, Lauren R Meltzer, Karen O Brandon, Margaret M Byrne, Paul T Harrell, Thomas Eissenberg, Christopher R Bullen and 1 more

Open access · goldAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The Lancet. Public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
39citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
4.0field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

39 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
  4. Guideline
  5. Pooled it
  6. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024
    Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022
    Pooled it
  11. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021
    Pooled it
  12. Trial
  13. Trial
  14. Trial
  15. Trial
  16. Trial
  17. A Randomized Pilot of a Tailored Smoking Cessation Quitline Intervention for Individuals Who Smoke and Vape.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022
    Trial
  18. Trial
  19. Misplaced optimism about e-cigarettes for smoking cessation in New Zealand.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026
    Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Ursula MartinezDepartment of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Vani N SimmonsDepartment of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Steven K SuttonDepartment of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
David J DrobesDepartment of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Lauren R MeltzerDepartment of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
Karen O BrandonDepartment of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
Margaret M ByrneDepartment of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Paul T HarrellDepartment of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
Thomas EissenbergCenter for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Christopher R BullenSchool of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Thomas H BrandonDepartment of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. Electronic address: thomas.brandon@moffitt.org.
Moffitt Cancer Center · USUniversity of South Florida · USEastern Virginia Medical School · USUniversity of Auckland · NZVirginia Commonwealth University · US

Funding

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCHP30CA076292 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI John L. Cleveland · 1998 to 2026
$93.5M
Smoking Cessation Self-Help for Dual Users of Tobacco Cigarettes and E-CigarettesR01DA037961 · NIDA · H. LEE MOFFITT CANCER CTR & RES INST · PI BRANDON, THOMAS H · 2015 to 2019
$3.7M
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA076292NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA037961
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAlthough many smokers use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to quit smoking, most continue to smoke while vaping. This dual use might delay cessation and increase toxicant exposure. We aimed to test the efficacy of a self-help intervention designed to help dual users to quit smoking.

methodsIn this three-arm randomised controlled trial we recruited individuals in the USA using Facebook and multimedia advertisements. Included participants were 18 years or older, smoked at least weekly in the preceding year, and vaped at least weekly in the preceding month. We used computer generated randomisation with balanced-permuted blocks (block size 10, with 2-4-4 ratio) to allocate participants to assessment only (ASSESS group), generic smoking cessation self-help booklets (GENERIC group), or booklets targeting dual users (eTARGET group). Individuals in the generic or targeted intervention groups received monthly cessation materials for 18 months, with assessments every 3 months for 24 months. The main outcome was self-reported 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence at each assessment point. All randomly allocated participants were included in primary analyses using generalised estimating equations for each of 20 datasets created by multiple imputation. Analysis of the χ

findingsBetween July 12, 2016, and June 30, 2017, we randomly assigned 2896 dual users (575 to assessment, 1154 to generic intervention, and 1167 to targeted self-help). 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence increased from 14% at 3 months to 42% at 24 months (F

interpretationA targeted self-help intervention with high potential for dissemination could be efficacious in promoting smoking cessation among dual users of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes.

fundingNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Cancer Institute.

Indexed as

Electronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsSmokingAdolescentAdultCost-Benefit AnalysisFemaleHealth BehaviorHealth PromotionHumansMaleSmoking CessationSurveys and QuestionnairesVapingYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID34175001
PMCPMC8281505
OpenAlexW3175437289

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.