Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34174087›Full record

ArticleMedical physics2021

Technical Note: Multiple energy extraction techniques for synchrotron-based proton delivery systems may exacerbate motion interplay effects in lung cancer treatments.

James E Younkin, Danairis Hernandez Morales, Jiajian Shen, Xiaoning Ding, Joshua B Stoker, Nathan Y Yu, Terence T Sio, Thomas B Daniels, Martin Bues, Mirek Fatyga and 2 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Medical physics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 25% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. AI in Proton Therapy Treatment Planning: A Narrative Review.International journal of particle therapy · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

James E YounkinDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Danairis Hernandez MoralesDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Jiajian ShenDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Xiaoning DingDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Joshua B StokerDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Nathan Y YuDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Terence T SioDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Thomas B DanielsDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Martin BuesDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Mirek FatygaDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Steven E SchildDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
Wei LiuDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
WinnMed · USMayo Clinic in Florida · US

Funding

4D Robust Optimization in Intensity-Modulated Proton TherapyK25CA168984 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI LIU, WEI · 2012 to 2015
$450k
Arizona Biomedical Research CommissionKemper Marley FoundationLawrence W. and Marilyn W. Matteson Fund for Cancer ResearchNCI NIH HHS K25 CA168984NCI NIH HHS K25CA168984
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe multiple energy extraction (MEE) delivery technique for synchrotron-based proton delivery systems reduces beam delivery time by decelerating the beam multiple times during one accelerator spill, but this might cause additional plan quality degradation due to intrafractional motion. We seek to determine whether MEE causes significantly different plan quality degradation compared to single energy extraction (SEE) for lung cancer treatments due to the interplay effect.

methodsTen lung cancer patients treated with IMPT at our institution were nonrandomly sampled based on a representative range of tumor motion amplitudes, tumor volumes, and respiratory periods. Dose-volume histogram (DVH) indices from single-fraction SEE and MEE four-dimensional (4D) dynamic dose distributions were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Distributions of monitor units (MU) to breathing phases were investigated for features associated with plan quality degradation. SEE and MEE DVH indices were compared in fractionated deliveries of the worst-case patient treatment scenario to evaluate the impact of fractionation.

resultsThere were no clinically significant differences in target mean dose, target dose conformity, or dose to organs-at-risk between SEE and MEE in single-fraction delivery. Three patients had significantly worse dose homogeneity with MEE compared to SEE (single-fraction mean D

conclusionsFor some patients with breathing periods close to the mean spill duration, MEE resulted in significantly worse single-fraction target dose homogeneity compared to SEE due to the interplay effect. However, this was mitigated by fractionation, and target dose homogeneity and coverage were clinically acceptable after 30 fractions with MEE.

Indexed as

Lung NeoplasmsProton TherapyRadiotherapy, Intensity-ModulatedFour-Dimensional Computed TomographyHumansProtonsRadiotherapy DosageRadiotherapy Planning, Computer-AssistedSynchrotronsProtonsinterplay effectmotionmultiple energy extractionproton therapy

Identifiers

PMID34174087
PMCPMC8455432
OpenAlexW3175794050

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.