ArticlePsychometrika2021
Linking Scores with Patient-Reported Health Outcome Instruments:A VALIDATION STUDY AND COMPARISON OF THREE LINKING METHODS.
Article in Psychometrika, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Standardizing patient-reported outcomes across diseases: development of a novel generic patient-reported outcome set.Frontiers in health services · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of health-related quality of life outcomes in psychosocial intervention trials for adolescent and young adult cancer survivors.Critical reviews in oncology/hematology · 2023Pooled it
- Using a measurement type-independent metric to compare patterns of determinants between patient-reported versus performance-based physical function in hemodialysis patients.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024Trial
- Establishing the interpretability and utility of the 4-item BriefPCS.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Equipercentile Equating of Scores From Common Patient-Reported Outcome Measures of Role, Social, and Emotional Functioning in Patients With Cancer.Psycho-oncology · 2026Article
- Equating patient-reported outcomes: developing a psychometric crosswalk between Scoliosis Quality of Life Index (SQLI) and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS-22r) to support long-term follow-up research in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Article
- The Lawton and Brody a half century later: A case for contemporary revision.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2026Article
- Article
- Outcomes of Patients with Neurocognitive Symptoms Attending a Long COVID Clinic: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Overall Good Quality of Life Reported by Survivors of Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma in Sweden and Finland.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Bridging patient-reported outcomes and performance assessments in older adults: linking the Short Physical Performance Battery to the standardised PROMIS Physical Function scale.Age and ageing · 2026Article
- The Devil Is in the Tail: Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA) test percentiles and normalized T-scores.Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment · 2026Article
- Comparing Approaches to Link SF-36 PF-10 Scores to PROMIS Physical Function: A Validation Study in Three Clinical Samples.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- The influence of early childhood education and care on the relation between early-life social adversity and children's mental health in the environmental influences for Child Health Outcomes Program.Development and psychopathology · 2025Observational
- Mapping and Linking between the EQ-5D-5L and the PROMIS Domains in the United States.Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making · 2025Article
- Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-118): Dutch Norms, T-scores, and Percentile Rank Scores.Personality and mental health · 2025Article
- Cross-Sectional Reference Data From 29 European Countries for 6 Frequently Used Depression Measures.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Crosswalk between PROMIS computer adaptive tests and numerical rating scales in cancer patients: Anxiety, depression, pain interference, physical function.Advances in patient-reported outcomes · 2025Article
- Crosswalking 4 Pain Impact Measures in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adults With Back Pain.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- CORR Insights®: Does a Concise Patient-reported Outcome Measure Provide a Valid Measure of Physical Function for Cancer Patients After Lower Extremity Surgery?Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The psychometric process used to establish a relationship between the scores of two (or more) instruments is generically referred to as linking. When two instruments with the same content and statistical test specifications are linked, these instruments are said to be equated. Linking and equating procedures have long been used for practical benefit in educational testing. In recent years, health outcome researchers have increasingly applied linking techniques to patient-reported outcome (PRO) data. However, these applications have some noteworthy purposes and associated methodological questions. Purposes for linking health outcomes include the harmonization of data across studies or settings (enabling increased power in hypothesis testing), the aggregation of summed score data by means of score crosswalk tables, and score conversion in clinical settings where new instruments are introduced, but an interpretable connection to historical data is needed. When two PRO instruments are linked, assumptions for equating are typically not met and the extent to which those assumptions are violated becomes a decision point around how (and whether) to proceed with linking. We demonstrate multiple linking procedures-equipercentile, unidimensional IRT calibration, and calibrated projection-with the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Depression bank and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. We validate this link across two samples and simulate different instrument correlation levels to provide guidance around which linking method is preferred. Finally, we discuss some remaining issues and directions for psychometric research in linking PRO instruments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.