Trial reportInfection and immunity1988
Comparative analysis of immunological responses to oral (Ty21a) and parenteral (TAB) typhoid vaccines.
Trial report in Infection and immunity, 1988. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibodies in action: role of human opsonins in killing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.Infection and immunity · 2011Trial
- Tularemia: Historical Perspectives and Current Challenges of a Re-Emerging Zoonosis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell responses inOxford open immunology · 2025Article
- A Historical Review of Military Medical Strategies for Fighting Infectious Diseases: From Battlefields to Global Health.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Safety of Multiple Vaccinations and Durability of Vaccine-Induced Antibodies in an Italian Military Cohort 5 Years after Immunization.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Human gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT); diversity, structure, and function.Mucosal immunology · 2021Review
- Stable Chromosomal Expression of Shigella flexneri 2a and 3a O-Antigens in the Live Salmonella Oral Vaccine Vector Ty21a.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2017Article
- Article
- Direct visualization of endogenous Salmonella-specific B cells reveals a marked delay in clonal expansion and germinal center development.European journal of immunology · 2015Article
- Immunology of gut mucosal vaccines.Immunological reviews · 2011Review
- Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral vaccines in developing countries: lessons from a live cholera vaccine.BMC biology · 2010Review
- Constitutive expression of the Vi polysaccharide capsular antigen in attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhi oral vaccine strain CVD 909.Infection and immunity · 2000Article
- Mucosal and systemic immune responses in humans after primary and booster immunizations with orally administered invasive and noninvasive live attenuated bacteria.Infection and immunity · 1999Article
- Construction and characterization of a Vi-positive variant of the Salmonella typhi live oral vaccine strain Ty21a.Infection and immunity · 1989Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The clinical and immunological responses to typhoid vaccination with parenteral (TAB) and oral (Ty21a) vaccines in two groups of 30 adult male subjects were studied. Parameters monitored included specific anti-Salmonella typhi cell-mediated immunity and total and specific antilipopolysaccharide fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) titers in Ty21a-vaccinated subjects. Peripheral blood lymphocytes antibacterial activity was significantly increased only in Ty21a-vaccinated subjects. Serum arming activity and results of human F(ab')2 anti-IgG and -IgA inhibition tests suggest antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by IgA in those vaccinated with Ty21a. Interestingly enough, the cells of TAB-vaccinated subjects were able to mediate IgG-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, as was observable from the results of blocking experiments. Moreover, total and specific antilipopolysaccharide fecal IgA levels were observed to be significantly increased with Ty21a, up to 8 months post-vaccination schedule. An early-onset, transitory increase in serum IgM rheumatoid factor was also found, exclusively in subjects treated with TAB, and was no longer detectable on day 240. Ty21a was well tolerated and free of side effects, whereas 65% of subjects administered TAB reported fever, headache, malaise, and local tenderness at the injection site. Our data show that the two typhoid vaccines induce different cell-mediated specific immune responses. The role of these responses in protection against Salmonella infection, however, requires further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.