ArticleOncogene2021
Activated T cell-derived exosomal PD-1 attenuates PD-L1-induced immune dysfunction in triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in Oncogene, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineered exosomes for breast cancer immunotherapy: Emerging strategies and translational potential.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Review
- Systemic health impact of cancer-associated extracellular vesicles and particles.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Orchestrating the metastatic symphony: the role of extracellular vesicles in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and pulmonary niche formation of breast cancer.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- The Multifaceted Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Engineering exosomes for cancer therapy - Modification technologies and subcellular targeting strategies: A review.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- T cell-inspired therapeutic delivery platforms: From nanomedicines to cell therapy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Review
- The avatar principle: exosomal dynamics guiding tumor adaptation and next-generation therapeutic strategies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Bridging cancer cell-intrinsic driver genes and -extrinsic cell-cell communication with Driver2Comm.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Crosstalk between Extracellular Vesicles and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Cell competition within breast tumor microenvironment: emerging role of cancer stem cells and immune cells in tumor progression and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The biology, function, and applications of exosomes as novel biomarkers forFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Exosomes as Pivotal Mediators of Tumor-Immune Communication: Implications for Immunotherapy and Liquid Biopsy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Gut Associated Metabolites Enhance PD-L1 Blockade Efficacy in Prostate Cancer.Oncology research · 2026Article
- Implication of an exosome-based gene signature for estimating clinical outcomes of triple-negative breast cancer and assisting in individualized therapy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Decoy Extracellular Vesicles Overcome Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Heterogeneity via Membrane-Cytoplasm-Mitochondria Cascade Targeting.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Direct Experimental Evidence for Selective Uptake of Function-Specific Small Extracellular Vesicles by Recipient Cells.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles in cancer immunotherapy: Therapeutic, challenges and clinical progress.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- Engineered Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Paclitaxel Delivery in Cancer Therapy: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2025Review
- Simultaneous expression of epithelial and immune cell markers in circulating tumor cells identified in patients with stage 4 breast cancer.Communications medicine · 2025Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is widely expressed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). As a dominant inhibitory immune checkpoint (ICP) receptor, cell surface PD-1 is well-known to transduce negative signaling of effector T cell activity during cell-cell contact. However, despite its well-documented inhibitory effects, higher PD-1 expression in TILs is significantly associated with longer survival in TNBC patients. This phenomenon raises an interesting question whether PD-1 harbors positive activity to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Here, we show that PD-1 is secreted in an exosomal form by activated T cells and can remotely interact with either cell surface or exosomal programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), induce PD-L1 internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and thereby prevent subsequent cellular PD-L1: PD-1 interaction, restoring tumor surveillance through attenuating PD-L1-induced suppression of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell activity. Our results, through revealing an anti-PD-L1 function of exosomal PD-1, provide a positive role to enhance cytotoxic T cell activity and a potential therapeutic strategy of modifying the exosome surface with membrane-bound inhibitory ICP receptors to attenuate the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.