Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34172548›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2021

Factors associated with incomplete immunisation in children aged 12-23 months at subnational level, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.

Paul Eze, Ujunwa Justina Agu, Chioma Lynda Aniebo, Sergius Alex Agu, Lucky Osaheni Lawani, Yubraj Acharya

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
4.6field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

33 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.

Paul EzeDepartment of Health Policy and Administration, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA peze@psu.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-7202-8676
Ujunwa Justina AguDepartment of Paediatrics, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria.
Chioma Lynda AnieboDepartment of Paediatrics, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria.
Sergius Alex AguDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.
Lucky Osaheni LawaniInstitute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Yubraj AcharyaDepartment of Health Policy and Administration, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Enugu State University of Science and Technology · NGPennsylvania State University · USUniversity of Nigeria Teaching Hospital · NGUniversity of Toronto · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesNational immunisation coverage rate masks subnational immunisation coverage gaps at the state and local district levels. The objective of the current study was to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with incomplete immunisation in children at a sub-national level.

designCross-sectional study using the WHO sampling method (2018 Reference Manual).

settingFifty randomly selected clusters (wards) in four districts (two urban and two rural) in Enugu state, Nigeria.

participants1254 mothers of children aged 12-23 months in July 2020. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Fully immunised children and not fully immunised children.

resultsFull immunisation coverage (FIC) rate in Enugu state was 78.9% (95% CI 76.5% to 81.1%). However, stark difference exists in FIC rate in urban versus rural districts. Only 55.5% of children in rural communities are fully immunised compared with 94.5% in urban communities. Significant factors associated with incomplete immunisation are: children of single mothers (aOR=5.74, 95% CI 1.45 to 22.76), children delivered without skilled birth attendant present (aOR=1.93, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.99), children of mothers who did not receive postnatal care (aOR=6.53, 95% CI 4.17 to 10.22), children of mothers with poor knowledge of routine immunisation (aOR=1.76, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.87), dwelling in rural district (aOR=7.49, 95% CI 4.84 to 11.59), low-income families (aOR=1.56, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.81) and living further than 30 min from the nearest vaccination facility (aOR=2.15, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.52).

conclusionsAlthough the proportion of fully immunised children in Enugu state is low, it is significantly lower in rural districts. Study findings suggest the need for innovative solutions to improve geographical accessibility and reinforce the importance of reporting vaccination coverage at local district level to identify districts for more targeted interventions.

Indexed as

ImmunizationVaccination CoverageChildCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansInfantNigeriaVaccinationcommunity child healthinternational health servicespublic health

Identifiers

PMID34172548
PMCPMC8237740
OpenAlexW3177143742

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.