Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34172515›Full record

ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2021

Oncolytic parainfluenza virus combines with NK cells to mediate killing of infected and non-infected lung cancer cells within 3D spheroids: role of type I and type III interferon signaling.

Namita Varudkar, Jeremiah L Oyer, Alicja Copik, Griffith D Parks

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed
3.6field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Tuning epigenetics to enhance cancer virotherapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Namita VarudkarBurnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Jeremiah L OyerBurnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Alicja CopikBurnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Griffith D ParksBurnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA griffith.parks@ucf.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-7365-0093
University of Central Florida · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThere is intense interest in developing novel oncolytic viruses, which can be used in cancer therapies along with immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells. We have previously developed a particle-based method for in vitro expansion of highly cytotoxic human NK cells (PM21-NK cells). Here, we have tested the hypothesis that oncolytic parainfluenza virus 5 (P/V virus) can combine with PM21-NK cells for targeted killing of lung cancer cells.

methodsPM21-NK cells were assayed for killing of P/V virus-infected A549, H1299 and Calu-1 lung cancer cells in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures using flow cytometry, luminescence and kinetic imaging-based methods. Blocking antibodies were used to evaluate NK cell activating receptors involved in PM21-NK cell killing of infected target cells. Media transfer experiments tested soluble factors that increase PM21-NK cell killing of both P/V virus-infected and uninfected tumor cells.

resultsIn 2D cultures, PM21-NK cells efficiently killed P/V virus-infected cancer cells compared with non-infected cells, through involvement of the viral glycoprotein and NK cell receptors NKp30, NKp46 and NKG2D. In 3D spheroid cultures, P/V virus infection was restricted to the outer layer of the spheroid. However, PM21-NK cells were able to more efficiently kill both the outer layer of infected cells in the spheroid and progressing further to kill the uninfected interior cells. Media transfer experiments demonstrated that P/V virus infection produced both type I and type III interferons, which decreased cell growth, which contributed to a reduction in the overall number of uninfected tumor cells in conjunction with PM21-NK cells. Across five cancer cell lines, the contribution of P/V virus infection on PM21-NK cell killing of target cells correlated with interferon induction.

conclusionOur data support the potential of combining oncolytic parainfluenza virus with PM21-NK cell adoptive therapy against lung cancer.

Indexed as

HumansImaging, Three-DimensionalInterferon LambdaInterferonsInterferon Type IKiller Cells, NaturalLung NeoplasmsOncolytic VirusesParamyxoviridae InfectionsSignal TransductionSpheroids, CellularInterferon LambdaInterferonsInterferon Type Iinterferon inducerskiller cellsnaturaloncolytic virotherapy

Identifiers

PMID34172515
PMCPMC8237729
OpenAlexW3175427394

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.