Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34171309›Full record

ArticleCell2021

Pharmacologic modulation of RNA splicing enhances anti-tumor immunity.

Sydney X Lu, Emma De Neef, James D Thomas, Erich Sabio, Benoit Rousseau, Mathieu Gigoux, David A Knorr, Benjamin Greenbaum, Yuval Elhanati, Simon J Hogg and 25 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 198 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
198citing papers in PubMed
18.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

198 citing papers in PubMed, 269 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. RNA splicing in health and disease.Molecular biomedicine · 2026
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Splicing-driven post-translational dysregulation: a new frontier for precision cancer medicine and immunotherapy.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026
    Review

138 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

35 authors at 11 institutions in 1 country.

Sydney X LuHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Emma De NeefComputational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
James D ThomasComputational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
Erich SabioHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Center for Immunotherapy and Precision-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
Benoit RousseauDepartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Mathieu GigouxHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
David A KnorrDepartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Benjamin GreenbaumDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Computational Oncology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Yuval ElhanatiDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Computational Oncology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Simon J HoggHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Andrew ChowHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Arnab GhoshHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Abigail XieMedical Scientist Training Program, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY 10065, USA.
Dmitriy ZamarinHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Daniel CuiHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Caroline EricksonHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Michael SingerHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Hana ChoHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Eric WangHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Bin LuHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Benjamin H DurhamHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Harshal ShahHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Diego ChowellCenter for Immunotherapy and Precision-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; The Precision Immunology Institute, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Austin M GabelComputational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Yudao ShenMount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Jing LiuMount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Jian JinMount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Matthew C RhodesThe Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
Richard E TaylorThe Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
Henrik MolinaProteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
Jedd D WolchokHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Taha MerghoubHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Luis A DiazDepartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Omar Abdel-WahabHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Electronic address: abdelwao@mskcc.org.
Robert K BradleyComputational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: rbradley@fredhutch.org.
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center · USIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · USParker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy · USFred Hutch Cancer Center · USUniversity of Notre Dame · USUniversity of Washington · USCleveland Clinic · USCornell University · USRockefeller University · USSwim Across America · USTisch Hospital · US

Funding

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHYP30CA008748 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES · PI Nicholas D Socci · 1985 to 2026
$347.4M
University of Washington Medical Scientist Training Program: MD/PhDT32GM007266 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI HORWITZ, MARSHALL S. · 1985 to 2023
$30.4M
Genetic and molecular basis for SRSF2 mutations in myelodysplasiaR01HL128239 · NHLBI · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI Omar Abdel-Wahab, Robert K Bradley · 2015 to 2026
$8.0M
Chromosome Metabolism and Cancer Training GrantT32CA009657 · NCI · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI EISENMAN, ROBERT NEIL · 1991 to 2020
$7.6M
Functional and molecular consequences of SF3B1 mutations in human hematopoietic stem cellsR01HL151651 · NHLBI · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI Robert K Bradley, Sergei Doulatov · 2020 to 2026
$4.0M
Interrogating the minor spliceosome to understand and treat leukemiaR01CA251138 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INST CAN RESEARCH · PI ABDEL-WAHAB, OMAR, BRADLEY, ROBERT K · 2020 to 2024
$3.3M
Targeting an RNA Binding Protein Network in Acute Myeloid LeukemiaR01CA242020 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INST CAN RESEARCH · PI ABDEL-WAHAB, OMAR, AIFANTIS, IANNIS · 2020 to 2024
$2.7M
High-Performance Compute Cluster for Comprehensive Cancer and Infectious Diseases ResearchS10OD028685 · OD · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI BRADLEY, PHILIP · 2020 to 2020
$2.0M
U2AF1 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes: from mechanism to therapyR01DK103854 · NIDDK · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI BRADLEY, ROBERT K · 2016 to 2019
$1.5M
Discovery of Selective Inhibitors for Histone MethyltransferasesR01GM122749 · NIGMS · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI JIN, JIAN · 2017 to 2020
$1.3M
Dissecting the Roles and Requirements for RBM39 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Normal HematopoiesisK08CA245242 · NCI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI LU, SYDNEY X · 2020 to 2024
$1.2M
Splicing Modulators for Rare Disease IndicationsR01GM129465 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME · PI TAYLOR, RICHARD E. · 2018 to 2019
$527k
NCI NIH HHS K08 CA245242NCI NIH HHS K99 CA263168NCI NIH HHS P30 CA008748NCI NIH HHS R01 CA242020NCI NIH HHS R01 CA251138NCI NIH HHS T32 CA009657NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL128239NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL151651NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK103854NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM122749NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM129465NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007266NIH HHS S10 OD028685
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Although mutations in DNA are the best-studied source of neoantigens that determine response to immune checkpoint blockade, alterations in RNA splicing within cancer cells could similarly result in neoepitope production. However, the endogenous antigenicity and clinical potential of such splicing-derived epitopes have not been tested. Here, we demonstrate that pharmacologic modulation of splicing via specific drug classes generates bona fide neoantigens and elicits anti-tumor immunity, augmenting checkpoint immunotherapy. Splicing modulation inhibited tumor growth and enhanced checkpoint blockade in a manner dependent on host T cells and peptides presented on tumor MHC class I. Splicing modulation induced stereotyped splicing changes across tumor types, altering the MHC I-bound immunopeptidome to yield splicing-derived neoepitopes that trigger an anti-tumor T cell response in vivo. These data definitively identify splicing modulation as an untapped source of immunogenic peptides and provide a means to enhance response to checkpoint blockade that is readily translatable to the clinic.

Indexed as

AnimalsAntigen PresentationAntigens, NeoplasmCell Line, TumorCell ProliferationEpitopesEthylenediaminesGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticHematopoiesisHistocompatibility Antigens Class IHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsImmunotherapyInflammationMiceMice, Inbred C57BLAntigens, NeoplasmEpitopesEthylenediaminesHistocompatibility Antigens Class IImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsMS023 compoundN-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamidePeptidesProtein IsoformsPyrrolesSulfonamidesimmune checkpoint blockadeimmunopeptidomeimmunotherapyneoantigensneoepitopesPD1PRMTsRBM39RNA splicingsplicing

Identifiers

PMID34171309
PMCPMC8684350
OpenAlexW3176618876

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.