Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34171005›Full record

ReviewCurrent pollution reports2019

Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health.

Brent Stephens, Parham Azimi, Megan S Thoemmes, Mohammad Heidarinejad, Joseph G Allen, Jack A Gilbert

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Current pollution reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
85citing papers in PubMed
10.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

85 citing papers in PubMed, 185 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Draft genome sequence of a methicillin-resistantMicrobiology resource announcements · 2026
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  10. Alternative and Synergistic Strategies Against Antibiotic-ResistantInternational journal of microbiology · 2026
    Review
  11. Article
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  13. Mechanisms of bacterial host-to-host transmission.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
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  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Brent StephensDepartment of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Alumni Memorial Hall 228E, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0177-6703
Parham AzimiEnvironmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA.
Megan S ThoemmesDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA USA.
Mohammad HeidarinejadDepartment of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Alumni Memorial Hall 228E, 3201 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
Joseph G AllenEnvironmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA.
Jack A GilbertDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA USA.
Harvard University · USIllinois Institute of Technology · USUniversity of San Diego · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose of reviewFomites are inanimate objects that become colonized with microbes and serve as potential intermediaries for transmission to/from humans. This review summarizes recent literature on fomite contamination and microbial survival in the built environment, transmission between fomites and humans, and implications for human health. RECENT

findingsApplications of molecular sequencing techniques to analyze microbial samples have increased our understanding of the microbial diversity that exists in the built environment. This growing body of research has established that microbial communities on surfaces include substantial diversity, with considerable dynamics. While many microbial taxa likely die or lay dormant, some organisms survive, including those that are potentially beneficial, benign, or pathogenic. Surface characteristics also influence microbial survival and rates of transfer to and from humans. Recent research has combined experimental data, mechanistic modeling, and epidemiological approaches to shed light on the likely contributors to microbial exchange between fomites and humans and their contributions to adverse (and even potentially beneficial) human health outcomes. SUMMARY: In addition to concerns for fomite transmission of potential pathogens, new analytical tools have uncovered other microbial matters that can be transmitted indirectly via fomites, including entire microbial communities and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Mathematical models and epidemiological approaches can provide insight on human health implications. However, both are subject to limitations associated with study design, and there is a need to better understand appropriate input model parameters. Fomites remain an important mechanism of transmission of many microbes, along with direct contact and short- and long-range aerosols.

Indexed as

AerosolBuilt environmentContaminationInfectious disease transmissionMicrobiologyQuantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)

Identifiers

PMID34171005
PMCPMC7149182
OpenAlexW2971340395

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.