ReviewJournal of neurology2022
An explanation for Terson syndrome at last: the glymphatic reflux theory.
Review in Journal of neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence for cognitive impairment in patients with vestibular disorders.Journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence and clinical characteristics of Terson syndrome among survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a nationwide study in Japan.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- How is rosette formation in brain tumours linked with cerebrospinal fluid spread?Brain tumor pathology · 2026Review
- Intracranial Aneurysm Predisposing to Terson's Syndrome: Insights From a Systematic Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- A 52-Year-Old Man with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Associated with Delayed-Onset Vitreous Hemorrhage (Terson's Syndrome) Successfully Treated with Balloon-Assisted Coiling and Delayed Vitrectomy.The American journal of case reports · 2024Article
- Terson's syndrome leading to fatal outcome in a 36-year-old woman: A case report.Radiology case reports · 2024Article
- Traumatic terson syndrome with a peculiar mass lesion and tractional retinal detachment: a case report.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Terson Syndrome Diagnosed by Ocular Point of Care Ultrasound on the Medical Floor.POCUS journal · 2024Article
- Terson syndrome secondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a child: illustrative case.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2023Article
- Terson Syndrome: Not to Be Missed in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Terson Syndrome - Clinical Presentation, Management, and Visual Outcomes in a Tertiary Centre.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Pathogenesis of Terson syndrome.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Terson syndrome in reverse: intraventricular haemorrhage following primary intraocular haemorrhage.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022Article
- Multilayered macular hemorrhages as an unusual complication of transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2022Article
- Insights in primary central nervous system lymphoma: a role for glymphatics?Brain tumor pathology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Terson Syndrome (TS) describes the presence of intraocular hemorrhage in patients with intracranial hemorrhage, typically subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite TS being a well-defined and frequently occurring phenomenon, its pathophysiology remains controversial. This review will present the current understanding of TS, with view to describing a contemporary and more plausible pathomechanism of TS, given recent advances in ophthalmic science and neurobiology. Previously proposed theories include a sudden rise in intracranial pressure (ICP) transmitted to the optic nerve sheath leading to rupture of retinal vessels; or intracranial blood extending to the orbit via the optic nerve sheath. The origin of blood in TS is uncertain, but retinal vessels appear to be an unlikely source. In addition, an anatomical pathway for blood to enter the eye from the intracranial space remains poorly defined. An ocular glymphatic system has recently been described, drainage of which from the globe into intracranial glymphatics is reliant on the pressure gradient between intraocular pressure and intracranial pressure. The glymphatic pathway is the only extravascular anatomical conduit between the subarachnoid space and the retina. We propose that subarachnoid blood in skull base cisterns near the optic nerve is the substrate of blood in TS. Raised ICP causes it to be refluxed through glymphatic channels into the globe, resulting in intraocular hemorrhage. We herewith present glymphatic reflux as an alternative theory to explain the phenomenon of Terson Syndrome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.