ArticleJournal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie2022
Assessment of salivary stress and pain biomarkers and their relation to self-reported pain intensity during orthodontic tooth movement: a longitudinal and prospective study.
Article in Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Pain assessment using prostaglandin EJournal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie · 2026Article
- Bidirectional influences and clinical implications of psychological factors and oral health during orthodontic treatment.The Saudi dental journal · 2026Review
- Biomarkers for Treatment Response in Orthodontics: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Utility, and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Evaluation of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol levels in patients undergoing orthodontic mini-implant treatment: a short-term prospective comparative study.European journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- Salivary and serum chromogranin A as biomarkers of acute stress during early fixed orthodontic treatment: a longitudinal study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Stress estimation by serum cortisol release during rapid maxillary expansion in mice: validation of an experimental model.Dental press journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- The Use of Coffee Aroma for Stress Reduction in Postgraduate Dental Students.International dental journal · 2024Article
- Potential use of salivary TNF-α as a vaccine-induced pain biomarker in people with cerebral palsy and communication disorders.PloS one · 2024Article
- Exploring Non-Invasive Salivary Biomarkers for Acute Pain Diagnostics: A Comprehensive Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Influence of Different Orthodontic Brackets on Cytokine and Cortisol Profile.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Pain intensity and salivary α-amylase activity in patients following mandibular third molar surgery.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the relationship between pain intensity and concentrations of salivary pain and stress biomarkers during orthodontic tooth movement.
methodsEighteen patients (8 males, 10 females; mean age 14.57 ± 2.39 years) who needed orthodontic treatment with maxillary premolar extraction and segmental canine distalization participated in this study. Baseline samples were collected (T1), and orthodontic attachments were placed to maxillary first molars, second premolars, and canines. Then extractions were performed. After 1‑month follow-up, canine distalization started with a segmental wire (T2). Concentrations of salivary α‑amylase (sAA), cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and chromogranin A (CgA) were examined at T1, T2, and on days 4 (T3), 7 (T4), 14 (T5), and 30 (T6) after starting retraction. Participants also scored their pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Pain catastrophizing behavior and dental anxiety levels of the participants were evaluated by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (C-DAS), respectively. Repeated measure ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis were used for statistical evaluations (p < 0.05).
resultsThe maximum values for sAA were seen at T1. Males had higher sAA levels than females with statistical differences at T1, T3, and T4. No significant differences for cortisol, sIgA, and CgA concentrations were observed. The highest mean VAS score was recorded at T3. No correlations were detected between any salivary biomarkers, VAS, C‑DAS, and PCS scores.
conclusionsThe stress of starting orthodontic treatment increased sAA levels more than the pain that was experienced during orthodontic tooth movement. Being male was a predictor of higher sAA concentrations. Orthodontic tooth movement did not cause significant alterations in salivary pain and stress biomarkers.
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