ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Memory B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Players in Disease Pathogenesis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optimizing the Use of Anti-CD20 Agents in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disorders: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Multiomics Profiling During Autoimmune Demyelination Highlights a Complex Regulatory Role for Ataxin-1 in B Cells.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026Article
- The pathogenic role of double-negative B cells in autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic targeting of oligodendrocytes in an agent-based model of multiple sclerosis.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Impact of kynurenine metabolites on B and T cells in multiple sclerosis and allergies.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- NEK2 regulates B cell function and the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Elevated frequencies of activated memory B cells in multiple sclerosis are reset to healthy control levels after B cell depletion with Ocrelizumab.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- Modeling lymphocyte subset dynamics after ublituximab therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis: an Italian prospective study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Longitudinal immune profiling following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: insights into immune reconstitution and disease modulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cladribine tablets in the new multiple sclerosis era.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Review
- Article
- Repeated iv anti-CD20 treatment in multiple sclerosis: Long-term effects on peripheral immune cell subsets.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Causal association between the peripheral immunity and the risk and disease severity of multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- Peripheral memory B cells in multiple sclerosis vs. double negative B cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: disease driving B cell subsets during CNS inflammation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Multi-omics profiling reveals peripheral blood biomarkers of multiple sclerosis: implications for diagnosis and stratification.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Assessing Sustained B-Cell Depletion and Disease Activity in a French Multiple Sclerosis Cohort Treated by Long-Term IV Anti-CD20 Antibody Therapy.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Article
- A Dual Role of Osteopontin in Modifying B Cell Responses.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- [Distribution of memory B cell subsets in peripheral blood of children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Once thought to be primarily driven by T cells, B cells are emerging as central players in MS immunopathogenesis. Interest in multiple B cell phenotypes in MS expanded following the efficacy of B cell-depleting agents targeting CD20 in relapsing-remitting MS and inflammatory primary progressive MS patients. Interestingly, these therapies primarily target non-antibody secreting cells. Emerging studies seek to explore B cell functions beyond antibody-mediated roles, including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and ectopic follicle-like aggregate formation. Importantly, memory B cells (Bmem) are rising as a key B cell phenotype to investigate in MS due to their antigen-experience, increased lifespan, and rapid response to stimulation. Bmem display diverse effector functions including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and serving as antigen-experienced precursors to antibody-secreting cells. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular processes involved in Bmem development, Bmem phenotypes, and effector functions. We then examine how these concepts may be applied to the potential role(s) of Bmem in MS pathogenesis. We investigate Bmem both within the periphery and inside the CNS compartment, focusing on Bmem phenotypes and proposed functions in MS and its animal models. Finally, we review how current immunomodulatory therapies, including B cell-directed therapies and other immunomodulatory therapies, modify Bmem and how this knowledge may be harnessed to direct therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.