Observational studyBMJ open2021
Associations between daily screen time and sleep in a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of US infants: a prospective cohort study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01788644 (Nurture), which is not on this map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Nurture: Early Child Care and Risk of Obesity
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association of screen time and the risk of sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Early Digital Engagement Among Younger Children and the Transformation of Parenting in the Digital Age From an mHealth Perspective: Scoping Review.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Review
- Insufficient Sleep Syndrome in Childhood.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Within-child associations between sleep quality and emotional self-regulation over 6 months among preschool-aged (3- to 5-year-old) children.Frontiers in sleep · 2024Article
- Feeding, television, and sleep behaviors at one year of age in a diverse sample.Obesity pillars · 2023Article
- Secular trends in motor performance in Swiss children and adolescents from 1983 to 2018.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Relationships between screen viewing and sleep quality for infants and toddlers in China: A cross-sectional study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine the associations between screen media use and sleep throughout infancy (3-12 months).
designProspective Nurture birth cohort.
settingNorth Carolina, USA, 2013-2015.
participantsWomen enrolled in their second to third trimester, completed a phone interview after birth, and completed home visits at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post partum. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Women reported the usual hours their infants slept during the day and night and their infants' usual use of five screen media activities at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post partum. Adjusted mixed-effects regression analyses modelled the associations between infant screen time and sleep outcomes while disaggregating the between-infant and within-infant effects.
resultsAmong 558 mother-infant dyads, 374 (67.0%) infants were black and 304 (54.5%) households earned <$20 000 per year. Half (254, 50.2%) of the infants engaged with screens at 3 months of age, while 326 (72.9%) engaged at 12 months. The median value of the average daily screen time over the study period was 50 (IQR: 10-141) min. Infant screen time was inversely associated with night-time sleep duration only when considering between-infant effects (adjusted beta: -2.9; 95% CI -5.9 to 0.0; p=0.054 for log-transformed screen time). Effects were stronger for television+DVD viewing specifically (adjusted beta: -5.2; 95% CI -9.1 to -1.4; p<0.01 for log-transformed television+DVD time). For example, an infant who averaged 1 hour of television+DVD viewing over the study period slept, on average, 9.20 (95% CI 9.02 to 9.37) hours per night by 12 months compared with 9.60 (95% CI 9.41 to 9.80) hours per night for an infant with no screen time over the study period. There were no significant within-infant effects between screen time and night-time sleep, and screen time was not associated with daytime sleep or night-time awakenings.
conclusionsScreen time during infancy was inversely associated with night-time sleep duration; however, causal associations remain uncertain. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01788644.
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Registered trials
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