ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2021
Unawareness of HIV Infection Among Men Aged 15-59 Years in 13 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Population-Based HIV Impact Assessments, 2015-2019.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04117984 (Swaziland HIV Incidence Measurement Survey), which is not on this map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Swaziland HIV Incidence Measurement Survey (SHIMS 2, 2016): a Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA)
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding the Stigma Experience of Men Living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis.AIDS and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- "There is no need to leave the beach to test": a qualitative study of HIV self-testing knowledge and acceptability of HIV self-test kit distribution among social networks of fishermen in Western Kenya.BMC public health · 2025Trial
- Traditional healer-delivered point-of-care HIV testing versus referral to clinical facilities for adults of unknown serostatus in rural Uganda: a mixed-methods, cluster-randomised trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Trial
- Factors associated with unawareness of HIV-positive status among individuals aged ≥ 15 years in Tanzania: Evidence from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022-2023.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Factors affecting the enrolment of men into a community adherence group in Kavango East Region, Namibia.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2026Article
- Sexual and reproductive health interventions for mobile adolescents and young people in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Men's Voices on Long-Acting Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Delivery Modalities: Acceptability and Preferences Among Cisgender Men and Men Who Have Sex With Men in South Africa.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Correlates of unawareness of HIV status and recency of HIV infections among women living with HIV: findings from population-based surveys in 13 African countries.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- HIV prevalence and associated factors among adolescent boys and young men in South Africa: 2017 nationally representative household-based population survey.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Progress towards the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets in the Fifth Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS V 2021): a nationally representative survey.The lancet. HIV · 2024Article
- Migrant men and HIV care engagement in Johannesburg, South Africa.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Adolescents' Sexual Reproductive Health Service Utilization and Associated Factors Among Bahir Dar City High School Students, Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of reproductive medicine · 2024Article
- Characterizing HIV status documentation among cancer patients at regional cancer centers in Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa.Infectious agents and cancer · 2023Article
- Attitudes and practices of dentists treating HIV+ patients in the era of new antiretroviral therapy: A 12-year update.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Metagenomic next-generation sequencing versus traditional laboratory methods for the diagnosis of central nervous system opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Chinese adults.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Outcomes of a model for re-testing HIV-negative index contacts in Sedibeng, South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2023Article
- Hazardous alcohol use and HIV indicators in six African countries: results from the Population-based HIV Impact Assessments, 2015-2017.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Article
- Progress towards the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets among persons aged 50 and older living with HIV in 13 African countries.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
48 authors at 19 institutions in 11 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIdentifying men living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is critical to end the epidemic. We describe the underlying factors of unawareness among men aged 15-59 years who ever tested for HIV in 13 SSA countries.
methodsUsing pooled data from the nationally representative Population-based HIV Impact Assessments, we fit a log-binomial regression model to identify characteristics related to HIV positivity among HIV-positive unaware and HIV-negative men ever tested for HIV.
resultsA total of 114,776 men were interviewed and tested for HIV; 4.4% were HIV-positive. Of those, 33.7% were unaware of their HIV-positive status, (range: 20.2%-58.7%, in Rwanda and Cote d'Ivoire). Most unaware men reported they had ever received an HIV test (63.0%). Age, region, marital status, and education were significantly associated with HIV positivity. Men who had HIV-positive sexual partners (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 5.73; confidence interval [95% CI]: 4.13 to 7.95) or sexual partners with unknown HIV status (aPR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.89 to 2.84) were more likely to be HIV-positive unaware, as were men who tested more than 12 months compared with HIV-negative men who tested within 12 months before the interview (aPR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.91). Tuberculosis diagnosis and not being circumcised were also associated with HIV positivity.
conclusionTargeting subgroups of men at risk for infection who once tested negative could improve yield of testing programs. Interventions include improving partner testing, frequency of testing, outreach and educational strategies, and availability of HIV testing where men are accessing routine health services.
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