ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2021
Population-Based HIV Impact Assessments Survey Methods, Response, and Quality in Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Zambia.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- HIV prevalence and associated factors among women in urban Ethiopia: findings from the Ethiopian Population-based HIV Impact Assessment.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Population HIV Viremia and Epidemic Transition: Findings From Sequential Surveys in 6 Sub-Saharan African Countries.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Maternal Engagement in HIV Care and Antiretroviral Therapy Uptake Among Children Living With HIV.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Validating HIV Viral Suppression Threshold Adjustments for Comparable Estimates Using Data From Nationally Representative Household Surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- HIV-1 variants in population-based national surveys in sub-Saharan Africa, 2015-2022.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Population Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors in Tanzania: Findings From 2 Sequential Tanzania HIV Impact Surveys of 2016-2017 and 2022-2023.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Factors associated with unawareness of HIV-positive status among individuals aged ≥ 15 years in Tanzania: Evidence from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022-2023.BMC public health · 2026Article
- An HIV-1 Risk Assessment Tool for Men Aged 15-59 years in 13 African Countries: A Pooled Analysis of Nationally Representative Surveys.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Piloting the feasibility of a population-based joint TB-HIV survey in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, 2019.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Decreasing Adult Prevalence of Advanced HIV Disease From 2 Population-Based HIV Impact Assessments in Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 2015-2023.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Performance of national HIV testing algorithms in 14 Population-based HIV Impact Assessment surveys: accuracy of HIV diagnosis using a two-test strategy, with or without a tie-breaker test, in different prevalence settings, 2015-2022.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Brief Report: Sexual Partnership Heterogeneity and HIV Seropositivity Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Cameroon and Côte d'Ivoire: A Partner-Level Latent Class Analysis.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Brief Report: Undetectable HIV-1 Viral Load Among Virally Suppressed People Living With HIV: Implications for Undetectable Equals Untransmittable (U=U) in Resource-Limited Settings Using Dried Spot Testing.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults: Results from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022-2023.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Assessment of a gridded population sample frame for a household survey of refugee populations in Uganda, 2021.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with HIV drug resistance among adult persons living with HIV/AIDS in nine countries of Sub-Saharan Africa using population-based HIV impact assessments: 2015-2019.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Social Protection and HIV risk Factors among Youth in Southern Africa: An Analysis of Cross-sectional Population-based HIV Impact Assessment Surveys.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Factors associated with awareness of and willingness to use PrEP among stable, heterosexual HIV-serodifferent couples in seven African countries, 2019-2022.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Article
- Mobile phone ownership among young adults in seven Southern African countries.Journal of global health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
31 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe population-based HIV impact assessment (population-based HIV impact assessments) surveys are among the first to estimate national adult HIV incidence, subnational prevalence of viral load suppression, and pediatric HIV prevalence. We summarize the survey methods implemented in Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Zambia, as well as response rates and quality metrics.
methodsEach cross-sectional, household-based survey used a 2-stage cluster design. Survey preparations included sample design, questionnaire development, tablet programming for informed consent and data collection, community mobilization, establishing a network of satellite laboratories, and fieldworker training. Interviewers collected demographic, behavioral, and clinical information using tablets. Blood was collected for home-based HIV testing and counseling (HBTC) and point-of-care CD4+ T-cell enumeration with results immediately returned. HIV-positive blood samples underwent laboratory-based confirmatory testing, HIV incidence testing, RNA polymerase chain reaction (viral load), DNA polymerase chain reaction (early infant diagnosis), and serum antiretroviral drug detection. Data were weighted for survey design, and chi square automatic interaction detection-based methods were used to adjust for nonresponse.
resultsEach survey recruited a nationally representative, household-based sample of children and adults over a 6-10-month period in 2015 and 2016. Most (84%-90%) of the 12,000-14,000 eligible households in each country participated in the survey, with 77%-81% of eligible adults completing an interview and providing blood for HIV testing. Among eligible children, 59%-73% completed HIV testing. Across the 3 surveys, 97.8% of interview data were complete and had no errors.
conclusionConducting a national population-based HIV impact assessment with immediate return of HIV and other point-of-care test results was feasible, and data quality was high.
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