ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2021
Powering Electronic Devices from Salt Gradients in AA-Battery-Sized Stacks of Hydrogel-Infused Paper.
Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- A System-Level Review of Bio-Inspired Technologies for Next-Generation UAVs: From Aerodynamics to Energy Systems.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Resting-Potential-Inspired Solid-State Iontronic Osmotic Power Source Enabled by Polarized MXene.Nano-micro letters · 2026Article
- Electric-Fish-Inspired Thin Hydrogel Electrocytes Achieve High Power Density and Environmental Robustness.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Enabling the Fabrication of Complex Soft Iontronics Using Multi-Material 3D Extrusion Printing.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Gel-Based Ionic Circuits.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- Highly stretchable dynamic hydrogels for soft multilayer electronics.Science advances · 2024Article
- Consecutive multimaterial printing of biomimetic ionic hydrogel power sources with high flexibility and stretchability.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Harvesting Electrical Power during Carbon Capture using Various Amine Solvents.Energy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal · 2022Article
- Powering Electronic Devices from Salt Gradients in AA-Battery-Sized Stacks of Hydrogel-Infused Paper.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Strongly electric fish use gradients of ions within their bodies to generate stunning external electrical discharges; the most powerful of these organisms, the Atlantic torpedo ray, can produce pulses of over 1 kW from its electric organs. Despite extensive study of this phenomenon in nature, the development of artificial power generation schemes based on ion gradients for portable, wearable, or implantable human use has remained out of reach. Previously, an artificial electric organ inspired by the electric eel demonstrated that electricity generated from ion gradients within stacked hydrogels can exceed 100 V. The current of this power source, however, was too low to power standard electronics. Here, an artificial electric organ inspired by the unique morphologies of torpedo rays for maximal current output is introduced. This power source uses a hybrid material of hydrogel-infused paper to create, organize, and reconfigure stacks of thin, arbitrarily large gel films in series and in parallel. The resulting increase in electrical power by almost two orders of magnitude compared to the original eel-inspired design makes it possible to power electronic devices and establishes that biology's mechanism of generating significant electrical power can now be realized from benign and soft materials in a portable size.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.