ReviewJournal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine2021
Obstructive sleep apnea and the retina: a review.
Review in Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microvascular changes in the macular area in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome compared to controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- RetiMap: Automated Retinal Vascular Measures Link Microvascular Structure to Metabolic Health and Predict Cardiovascular Risk.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- Bidirectional association between obstructive sleep apnea and diabetic retinopathy: a severity-stratified systematic review and meta-analysis with GRADE assessment.Acta diabetologica · 2026Review
- Scleral thickness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of retinal vascular structure via optic coherence tomography angiography in obstructive sleep apnea.International ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Risk assessment and prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A narrative review.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2025Review
- Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy improves macular microcirculation in children with obstructive sleep apnea.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- INCIDENCE AND PROGRESSION OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AMONG PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA: A National Cohort Study.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- The Role of Rapid Maxillary Expansion in the Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: Monitoring Respiratory Parameters-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Nocturnal hypoxia and age-related macular degeneration.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Diabetic Disease of the Eye in Canada: Consensus Statements from a Retina Specialist Working Group.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
- Approach the Patient With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Obstructive sleep apnea, nocturnal hypoxemia, and retinal microvasculature: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2024Article
- What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?Diabetologia · 2023Article
- Functional and Anatomical Outcomes of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment for Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration with or without Obstructive Sleep Apnea.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The role of microRNAs in pathophysiology and diagnostics of metabolic complications in obstructive sleep apnea patients.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Review
- Retinal microcirculation characteristics in obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome evaluated by OCT-angiography: a literature review.International ophthalmology · 2022Review
- Assessment of the Effectiveness of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment Using Optical Coherence Tomography to Evaluate Retinal Findings.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
citationThis review's objective was to synthesize the literature on the repercussions of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the retinal vascular system. Two independent investigators conducted a search using the MEDLINE/PubMed database using the following terms: sleep apnea syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, retina, vascular tortuosity, central serous chorioretinopathy, diabetes mellitus, and subfoveal choroidal thickness. Patients with OSA present increased vascular tortuosity compared with patients without OSA, decreased parafoveal and peripapillary vessel density, and increased retinal vein occlusion incidence. In central serous chorioretinopathy patients and patients who are poor responders to intravitreal anti-VEGF (-vascular endothelial growth factor) treatment for macular edema, OSA is more frequent. Macular choroidal thickness alterations are controversial, and OSA may worsen diabetic maculopathy, thus being a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and macular edema. OSA is a prevalent syndrome with many systemic vascular changes. The retina and choroid are the most affected ocular structures, with primarily vascular changes. New noninvasive technologies such as optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography could help to better understand retinal structures and help clarify the ophthalmological repercussions of OSA. CITATION: Nakayama LF, Tempaku PF, Bergamo VC, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and the retina: a review.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.