ReviewJournal of thoracic disease2021
Combination of immunotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer.
Review in Journal of thoracic disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- DEGRO guideline for personalized radiotherapy of brain metastases and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast cancer.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2024Guideline
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Emerging Mechanisms and Personalized Clinical Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Research progress of anti-angiogenic therapy combined with immunotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (Review).Oncology letters · 2025Review
- Survival benefits of concurrent immune checkpoint inhibitor and radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Reirradiation using helical tomotherapy-based hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for 19 brain metastases after the second recurrence of distant brain failure: a case report and literature review.Translational lung cancer research · 2025Article
- Targeting PD-L1 for PCNS-DLBCL: from molecular effects to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Enhancing outcomes in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer brain metastases: a retrospective study on the synergistic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor, brain radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Article
- Article
- Recent advances and challenges in primary central nervous system lymphoma: a narrative review.Translational cancer research · 2023Review
- Current literature review on the tumor immune micro-environment, its heterogeneity and future perspectives in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2023Review
- International consensus on radiotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2022Review
- Opportunities for improving brain cancer treatment outcomes through imaging-based mathematical modeling of the delivery of radiotherapy and immunotherapy.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2022Review
- Echinacoside Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Pyroptosis through Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells.Journal of immunology research · 2022Article
- Treatment of brain metastases from lung cancer: challenging the historical nihilism concerning prognosis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2021Article
- Epigenetic modification in radiotherapy and immunotherapy for cancers.Tzu chi medical journalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It was commonly assumed in the past that blood-brain barrier could efficiently prohibit penetration of large peptide molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies, including programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. This belief has been recently revised by studies that demonstrate the presence of functional lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses. Furthermore, the activated circulating T cells have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier. Such observations created strong rationale for attempts of immunotherapy for patients with brain metastases, used either alone or in combination with radiotherapy. The expected benefit from immunotherapy particularly refers to patients without targetable "driver" mutations who are not considered as candidates for novel targeted therapies. Current inference on efficacy and safety of combination of immunotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) origins, in most, from the retrospective studies. The existing data suggest that use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with brain radiotherapy improves patients outcome, compared to brain radiotherapy alone. The available data also suggest that concurrent use of ICI and stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) for brain metastases from NSCLC is tolerable and appears more effective than sequential combination of radiotherapy and ICI. Use of steroids appeared detrimental. Since a dependence between the risk of adverse events and type of ICI therapy as well as tumor pathology was found, further studies are required to establish optimal dosage, selection of drugs and sequence of ICI and brain radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases from NSCLC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.