ArticleScientific reports2021
Genetic engineering of porcine endothelial cell lines for evaluation of human-to-pig xenoreactive immune responses.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of primate anti-pig xenoreactive immune responses using immortalized aortic endothelial cells from genetically modified pigs.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- T cell-mediated immune responses in xenotransplantation: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic Responses Mediated by NK Cells and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Xenotransplantation.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2025Review
- Antibodies to unknown antigens other than swine leukocyte antigens on GTKO/β4GalNT2KO pig cells are associated with AHXR after pig-to-rhesus monkey kidney transplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Co-expression of HLA-E and HLA-G on genetically modified porcine endothelial cells attenuates human NK cell-mediated degranulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Extracellular matrix-derived scaffolds in constructing artificial ovaries for ovarian failure: a systematic methodological review.Human reproduction open · 2023Review
- Current Barriers to Clinical Liver Xenotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Strategies to induce natural killer cell tolerance in xenotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Advances in CRISPR-Based Functional Genomics and Nucleic Acid Detection in Pigs.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- "You cannot stay in the laboratory forever"*: Taking pig kidney xenotransplantation from the laboratory to the clinic.EBioMedicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Xenotransplantation (cross-species transplantation) using genetically-engineered pig organs offers a potential solution to address persistent organ shortage. Current evaluation of porcine genetic modifications is to monitor the nonhuman primate immune response and survival after pig organ xenotransplantation. This measure is an essential step before clinical xenotransplantation trials, but it is time-consuming, costly, and inefficient with many variables. We developed an efficient approach to quickly examine human-to-pig xeno-immune responses in vitro. A porcine endothelial cell was characterized and immortalized for genetic modification. Five genes including GGTA1, CMAH, β4galNT2, SLA-I α chain, and β2-microglobulin that are responsible for the production of major xenoantigens (αGal, Neu5Gc, Sda, and SLA-I) were sequentially disrupted in immortalized porcine endothelial cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The elimination of αGal, Neu5Gc, Sda, and SLA-I dramatically reduced the antigenicity of the porcine cells, though the cells still retained their ability to provoke human natural killer cell activation. In summary, evaluation of human immune responses to genetically modified porcine cells in vitro provides an efficient method to identify ideal combinations of genetic modifications for improving pig-to-human compatibility, which should accelerate the application of xenotransplantation to humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.