ArticleBehavior genetics2021
Gene × Environment Interactions in the Development of Preschool Effortful Control, and Its Implications for Childhood Externalizing Behavior.
Article in Behavior genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Positive and negative parenting practices and offspring disruptive behavior: A meta-analytic review of quasi-experimental evidence.Psychological bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Disentangling shared and unique effects of parenting on psychopathology: Evidence from two prospective, genetically sensitive cohort studies.JCPP advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Exploring the Relationship between Parental Stress and Child Behavioral Problems in Precocious Puberty: The Role of Parenting and Coping Strategies.Yonsei medical journal · 2025Article
- The pernicious role of stress on intergenerational continuity of psychopathology.Development and psychopathology · 2024Article
- Obstetrical and neonatal complications, prematurity, and childhood effortful control development: A longitudinal twin study.Developmental psychology · 2024Article
- Parenting styles, empathy and aggressive behavior in preschool children: an examination of mediating mechanisms.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Parenting in the Context of the Child: Genetic and Social Processes.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · 2022Article
- Longitudinal Influences of DRD4 Polymorphism and Early Maternal Caregiving on Personality Development and Problem Behavior in Middle Childhood and Adolescence.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- An Introduction to the Special Issue: Developmental Behavior Genetics and Externalizing Psychopathology.Behavior genetics · 2021Article
- Early risk for child externalising symptoms: Examining genetic, prenatal, temperamental and parental influences.Infant and child developmentArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This study examined the role of gene × environment interaction (G × E) in the development of effortful control (EC) and externalizing symptoms (EXT). Participants included 361 adopted children, and their Adoptive Parents (APs) and Birth Mothers (BMs), drawn from the Early Growth and Development Study. The primary adoptive caregivers' (AP1) laxness and overreactivity were assessed when children were 27-months-old, and used as indices of environmental influences on EC. Heritable influences on child EC were assessed by the BMs' personality characteristics (emotion dysregulation, agreeableness). Secondary adoptive caregivers (AP2) reported on children's EC at 54 months, and EXT at 7 years. Interactions between BM characteristics and AP1 laxness were related to EC and indirectly predicted EXT via EC. Parental laxness and EC were positively associated if children had high heritable risk for poor EC (BM high emotion dysregulation or low agreeableness), but negatively associated if children had low heritable risk for poor EC (BM low emotion dysregulation or high agreeableness). BM agreeableness also moderated associations between AP1 overreactivity and effortful control, and yielded a similar pattern of results. Our findings suggest that G × E is an important first step in the development of EXT via its effect on EC. Consistent with "goodness of fit" models, heritable tendencies can affect which parenting practices best support EC development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.