Trial reportClinical breast cancer2021
A Phase II Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Chloroquine in Combination With Taxanes in the Treatment of Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Anthracycline-refractory Breast Cancer.
Trial report in Clinical breast cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Progress on quinoline‑based antitumour agents: Mechanistic insights and optimization strategies (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- The role of lysosome-dependent cell death in cancer.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Photocaged Chloroquine Derivatives for the Light-Dependent Inhibition of Autophagy in Cancer Stem Cells.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Radiation-induced autophagy regulates fibroblast mitochondrial metabolism and crosstalk with triple-negative breast cancer cells.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Paraptosis: A New Frontier in Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Combination of Thymoquinone and Chloroquine Dose-Dependently Regulates Autophagy and Potentiates Metastatic Melanoma Cell Death via Autophagy-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Targeting Lysosomes for Enhanced Anti-Cancer Therapeutics and Immune Response.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Chloroquine Overcomes Chemotherapy Resistance and Suppresses Cancer Metastasis by Eradicating Dormant Cancer Cells.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Repurposing Antimalarials for Oral Cancer: Selective Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine on Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Tunneling Nanotube-Mediated Transcellular Autophagy Alleviates Cadmium Induced Hepatocyte Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Translational drugs targeting cancer stem cells in triple-negative breast cancer.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Review
- Review
- An overview of autophagy inhibition as a potential clinical strategy in cancer therapy.Molecular pharmacology · 2025Review
- Nanomedicine Approaches for Autophagy Modulation in Cancer Therapy.Small science · 2025Article
- MicroRNA-mediated autophagy regulation in thyroid cancer drug resistance.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2025Review
- Autophagy as a Therapeutic Target in Breast Tumors: The Cancer stem cell perspective.Autophagy reports · 2024Article
- Understanding the autophagic functions in cancer stem cell maintenance and therapy resistance.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Hsp70 Negatively Regulates Autophagy via Governing AMPK Activation, and Dual Hsp70-Autophagy Inhibition Induces Synergetic Cell Death in NSCLC Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Chloroquine and Chemotherapeutic Compounds in Experimental Cancer Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Autophagy and senescence facilitate the development of antiestrogen resistance in ER positive breast cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionChemotherapy eliminates most of the cancer cells except those with potential for self-renewal and tumor initiation, called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Chloroquine, through bioinformatics, was found to be a potential agent to target CSCs. We designed a phase II trial to test the efficacy and safety of chloroquine in combination with taxane or taxane-like chemotherapy agents in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer who are refractory to anthracycline-based chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND
methodsFemale patients ≥ 18 years of age who had received prior anthracycline chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. Chloroquine 250 mg was given daily orally with either docetaxel or paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel or ixabepilone every 3 weeks. The maximum number of 3-week cycles allowed was 6. The primary efficacy endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR). The secondary efficacy endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and safety analysis.
resultsThirty-eight patients were enrolled in the study, and 31 patients were evaluated for response. The median age was 54.1 years (range, 31.7-78.1 years). The ORR was 45.16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.2%-62.2%), which was higher than the expected ORR of 30% (P = .03). Patients were followed for a median of 25.4 months and experienced a median PFS of 12.4 months (95% CI, 4.9-24.6 months) and a median OS of 25.4 months (95% CI, 13.7-83.5 months). The combination was well-tolerated, with only 13.15% of patients experiencing grade ≥ 3 adverse events.
conclusionA combination of chloroquine with taxane or taxane-like chemotherapy was efficacious in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer with prior anthracycline-based chemotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.