SynthesisJournal of general internal medicine2021
Non-pharmacological Interventions for Caregivers with Depression and Caregivers of Care Recipients with Co-morbid Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of general internal medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Randomized controlled trials on promoting self-care behaviors among informal caregivers of older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2024Pooled it
- The effects of self-management interventions on depressive symptoms in adults with chronic physical disease(s) experiencing depressive symptomatology: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- The Consolidated Approach to Intervention Adaptation (CLARION): Developing and undertaking an empirically and theoretically driven intervention adaptation.Implementation science communications · 2025Article
- Patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) programs for monitoring symptoms among patients treated with immunotherapy: a scoping review.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2024Article
- Evaluation of quality, readability, suitability, and usefulness of online resources available to cancer survivors.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2023Review
- Does theGlobal mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Digital Mental Health Tools and AI Therapy Chatbots: A Balanced Approach to Regulation.The Hastings Center reportArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCaregivers experiencing depression or caring for people experiencing depression are at risk of high burden. This systematic review examined the effect of non-pharmacological interventions for caregivers that (a) target improving caregivers' depressive symptoms, (b) help caregivers manage the depressive symptoms of the person for whom they provide care, or (c) both (a) and (b).
methodsEligible trials published between January 1, 1985, and May 30, 2019 were retrieved from five electronic databases. The studies' methodological quality was assessed against 15 criteria. Pooled effect sizes (ESs) were calculated, and heterogeneity assessed using the Higgin's I
resultsSixteen studies evaluating 18 interventions were included for review. These studies included a total of 2178 participants (mean = 94, SD = 129.18, range 25-518). The most common condition (n = 10/16) of the care recipient was dementia. The average methodological score was in the moderate range (8.76/15). Interventions had a moderate effect on caregivers' depression in the short term (ES = - 0.62, 95% CI - 0.81, - 0.44), but the effect dissipated over time (ES = - 0.19; 95% CI - 0.29, - 0.09). A similar pattern was noted for anxiety. The moderator analysis was not significant, and of the mediators examined, significant ones were self-management skills of taking action, problem solving, and decision-making. DISCUSSION: Non-pharmacological interventions are associated with improvement of depression and anxiety in caregivers, particularly in the short term. The main recommendation for future interventions is to include the self-management skills taking action, problem-solving, and decision-making. Enhancing the effect of these interventions will need to be the focus of future studies, particularly examining the impact of booster sessions. More research is needed on non-dementia caregiving and dyadic approaches.
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