ArticleJournal of bioenergetics and biomembranes2021
Effect of Carvacrol and Thymol on NorA efflux pump inhibition in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus strains.
Article in Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Terpenes as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors: A systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Structural and bactericidal properties of imidazolium ionic liquid-based micelles of thyme essential oil.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Beyond bactericidal: targeting plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance with natural product-based plasmid curing agents.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- RND efflux pump inhibitor-like natural products as antibiotic adjuvants against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a graded-evidence review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Screening ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Essential Oils from Wild AlbanianMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Plant Metabolites as Potential Agents That Potentiate or Block Resistance Mechanisms Involving β-Lactamases and Efflux Pumps.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of action and resistance prevention of synergistic thymol and carvacrol combinations with antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii.Natural products and bioprospecting · 2025Article
- Anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, and efflux pump inhibitory effects of ellagic acid-bonded magnetic nanoparticles against Escherichia coli isolates.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2025Article
- Much More than Nutrients: The Protective Effects of Nutraceuticals on the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diseases.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Thymol-Loaded Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles: A Novel Carrier for Enhanced Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity againstCurrent topics in medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Review
- Reviewing the Therapeutic Potential of Plant-based Natural Products against Multidrug-resistant Bacteria (MDR).Current drug research reviews · 2025Review
- Combating multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus infection using terpene and its derivative.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2024Review
- Enhanced Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin and Tobramycin againstAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- 3-Substituted Coumarins Inhibit NorA and MepA Efflux Pumps ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Combination of Antibiotic and Non-Antibiotic Compounds Improves Antibiotic Efficacy against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Success stories of natural product-derived compounds from plants as multidrug resistance modulators in microorganisms.RSC advances · 2023Review
- The Major Facilitator Superfamily and Antimicrobial Resistance Efflux Pumps of the ESKAPEE PathogenAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Undue exposure to antimicrobials has led to the acquisition and development of sophisticated bacterial resistance mechanisms, such as efflux pumps, which are able to expel or reduce the intracellular concentration of various antibiotics, making them ineffective. Therefore, inhibiting this mechanism is a promising way to minimize the phenomenon of resistance in bacteria. In this sense, the present study sought to evaluate the activity of the Carvacrol (CAR) and Thymol (THY) terpenes as possible Efflux Pump Inhibitors (EPIs), by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the association of these compounds in subinhibitory concentrations with the antibiotic Norfloxacin and with Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) against strains SA-1199 (wild-type) and SA-1199B (overexpresses NorA) of Staphylococcus aureus. In order to verify the interaction of the terpenes with the NorA efflux protein, an in silico molecular modeling study was carried out. The assays used to obtain the MIC of CAR and THY were performed by broth microdilution, while the Efflux Pump inhibitory test was performed by the MIC modification method of the antibiotic Norfloxacin and EtBr. docking was performed using the Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) program. The results of the study revealed that CAR and THY have moderate bacterial activity and are capable of reducing the MIC of Norfloxacin antibiotic and EtBr in strains of S. aureus carrying the NorA efflux pump. The docking results showed that these terpenes act as possible competitive NorA inhibitors and can be investigated as adjuvants in combined therapies aimed at reducing antibiotic resistance.
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