ReviewSAGE open medicine2021
Baclofen therapeutics, toxicity, and withdrawal: A narrative review.
Review in SAGE open medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Radiosurgical Irradiation of Spinal Nerve Roots for the Management of Spasticity: A Systematic Review.Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical Presentations and Treatment of Baclofen Toxicity and Withdrawal: A Systematic Review.CNS drugs · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative pharmacotherapeutic efficacy and dose-related safety profiles of intrathecal baclofen: a systematic review and meta-analysis in neurological spasticity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Pediatric stiff-person syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Baclofen as a therapeutic option for gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review of clinical trials.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Intrathecal Baclofen Monotherapy and Polyanalgesia for Treating Chronic Pain in Patients with Severe Spasticity.Current pain and headache reports · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of baclofen in the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized controlled trial.BMC surgery · 2026Trial
- Recovery from disorders of consciousness: Lesions and GABAergic modulation in a biologically inspired spiking neural network.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Lost in Transition: A Case Study of Oral Baclofen Withdrawal Presenting as Severe Pain.Cureus · 2026Article
- Assessment of Enteral Baclofen Prescribing Practices for Infants With Hypertonia.The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG · 2026Article
- Intrathecal Baclofen in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Critical Review of Selection Criteria, Rehabilitation Goals, Outcomes, and Complications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Severe baclofen intoxication managed with hemodialysis: a case report and review of the literature.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Review
- Cardiac Arrest: A Rare Complication of Intrathecal Baclofen Withdrawal.The Neurohospitalist · 2026Article
- Standard work tools for managing pediatric baclofen pump infections and withdrawal.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2026Article
- Baclofen Promotes Osteochondrogenic Commitment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Implications for Heterotopic Ossification Risk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Movement Disorders in Children: Treatment Algorithm and Surgical Options.Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery · 2026Review
- Article
- The impact of anti-craving medication on cue reactivity and abstinence in patients undergoing alcohol detoxification: some preliminary evidence from a retrospective event-related potentials study.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- The role of GABAergic receptors in acute, subacute, and withdrawal syndrome on pain and seizure thresholds in mice: A connection to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the brain.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Baclofen is an effective therapeutic for the treatment of spasticity related to multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and other spinal cord pathologies. It has been increasingly used off-label for the management of several disorders, including musculoskeletal pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and alcohol use disorder. Baclofen therapy is associated with potential complications, including life-threatening toxicity and withdrawal syndrome. These disorders require prompt recognition and a high index of suspicion. While these complications can develop following administration of either oral or intrathecal baclofen, the risk is greater with the intrathecal route. The management of baclofen toxicity is largely supportive while baclofen withdrawal syndrome is most effectively treated with re-initiation or supplementation of baclofen dosing. Administration of other pharmacologic adjuncts may be required to effectively treat associated withdrawal symptoms. This narrative review provides an overview of the historical and emerging uses of baclofen, offers practical dosing recommendations for both oral and intrathecal routes of administration, and reviews the diagnosis and management of both baclofen toxicity and withdrawal.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.