Observational studyBMC public health2021
Usability and acceptability of self-testing for hepatitis C virus infection among the general population in the Nile Delta region of Egypt.
Observational study in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative Impact of Active Versus Passive Surveillance on Hepatitis C Virus Testing Uptake, Diagnosis and Linkage to Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2026Pooled it
- Expanding hepatitis C virus test uptake using self-testing among men who have sex with men in China: two parallel randomized controlled trials.BMC medicine · 2023Trial
- Results of the HCV self-testing implementation study through the secondary distribution of HCV self-tests among adult males in Georgia.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Feasibility and acceptability of hepatitis C virus self-testing models among high-risk groups in Nasarawa, Nigeria; Exploratory cross-sectional analysis of an implementation study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Assessing user experience with the Bioline™ HCV point-of-care test in primary healthcare settings: a mixed-methods study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Evaluating effectiveness and comparative costs of hepatitis C virus self-testing service delivery models in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Self-testing strategy to eliminate hepatitis C as per World Health Organization's goal: Analysis of disease burden and cost-effectiveness.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2025Article
- Assessing hepatitis C self-testing within differentiated care models in Cameroon: Feasibility, acceptability, and linkage to care for key and priority populations.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Usability and acceptability of self-testing for hepatitis C virus exposure in a high-prevalence urban informal settlement in Karachi, Pakistan.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- The effect of first-wave COVID-19 restrictions on HCV testing in Alberta, Canada: A trend analysis from 2019 to 2022.Canadian liver journal · 2024Article
- Usability and acceptability of oral fluid- and blood-based hepatitis C virus self-testing among the general population and men who have sex with men in Malaysia.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Quality Assurance for Hepatitis C Virus Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Sub-Saharan Africa.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Use of indirect evidence from HIV self-testing to inform the WHO hepatitis C self-testing recommendation.BMJ global health · 2023Article
- Article
- Usability and acceptability of oral fluid hepatitis C self-testing among people who inject drugs in Coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional pilot study.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Usability and acceptability of oral-based HCV self-testing among key populations: a mixed-methods evaluation in Tbilisi, Georgia.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Observational
- Article
- Protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of secondary distribution of hepatitis C self-testing within the context of a house-to-house hepatitis C micro-elimination programme in Karachi, Pakistan.BMC public health · 2022Article
- HCV Self-Testing to Expand Testing: A Pilot Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China.Frontiers in public health · 2022Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSelf-testing for hepatitis C virus antibodies (HCVST) may be an additional strategy to expand access to hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing and support elimination efforts. We conducted a study to assess the usability and acceptability of HCVST among the general population in a semi-rural, high-HCV prevalence region in Egypt.
methodsAn observational study was conducted in two hospitals in the Nile Delta region. A trained provider gave an in-person demonstration on how to use the oral fluid HCVST followed by observation of the participant performing the test. Usability was assessed by observing errors made and difficulties faced by participants. Acceptability of HCV self-testing was assessed using an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire.
resultsOf 116 participants enrolled, 17 (14.6%) had received no formal education. The majority (72%) of participants completed all testing steps without any assistance and interpreted the test results correctly. Agreement between participant-reported HCVST results and interpretation by a trained user was 86%, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.6. Agreement between participant-reported HCVST results and provider-administered oral fluid HCV rapid test results was 97.2%, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.75. The majority of participants rated the HCVST process as easy (53%) or very easy (44%), and 96% indicated they would be willing to use HCVST again and recommend it to their family and friends.
conclusionOur study demonstrates the high usability and acceptability of oral fluid HCVST in a general population. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal positioning of self-testing alongside facility-based testing to expand access to HCV diagnosis in both general and high-risk populations.
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