Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34157728›Full record

Observational studyDiving and hyperbaric medicine2021

The impact of different gas mixtures on inflammatory responses in advanced recreational divers.

Monica Rocco, Luigi Maggi, Chiara Loffredo, Massimiliano Pelli, Pia Di Benedetto, Silvia Fiorelli, Maurizio Simmaco, Roberto Alberto De Blasi

Open access · greenAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Diving and hyperbaric medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 25% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Decompression illness: a comprehensive overview.Diving and hyperbaric medicine · 2024
    Article
  7. Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024
    Review
  8. Observational
  9. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Monica RoccoDepartment of Surgical and Medical Science and Translation Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Luigi MaggiDepartment of Anesthesia, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
Chiara LoffredoDepartment of Surgical and Medical Science and Translation Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Massimiliano PelliDepartment of Surgical and Medical Science and Translation Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Pia Di BenedettoDepartment of Anesthesia, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
Silvia FiorelliDepartment of Surgical and Medical Science and Translation Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Maurizio SimmacoDepartment of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Roberto Alberto De BlasiDepartment of Surgical and Medical Science and Translation Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
Sapienza University of Rome · IT

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionDecompression sickness (DCS) is considered a 'bubble disease'. Intravascular bubbles activate inflammatory responses associated with endothelial dysfunction. Breathing gas has been proposed as a potential risk factor but this is inadequately studied. Different gases are used in scuba diving. Helium-containing 'trimix' could theoretically mitigate inflammation and therefore reduce DCS risk. This study determined the effect of air and trimix on the inflammatory response following dives to 50 metres of sea water, and evaluated the differences between them in advanced recreational divers.

methodsThirty-three divers were enrolled in this observational study and were divided in two groups: 17 subjects were included in the air group, and 16 different subjects were included in the trimix (21% oxygen, 35% helium, 44% nitrogen) group. Each subject conducted a single dive, and both groups used a similar diving profile of identical duration. A venous blood sample was taken 30 min before diving and 2 h after surfacing to evaluate changes in interleukins (IL) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Interferon γ (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and epithelial growth factor (EGF) after diving.

resultsNo differences were observed between groups in demographic data or diving experience. Following the dive, IL-6 values showed a slight increase, while IL-8 and EGF decreased in both groups, without significant variation between the groups.

conclusionsIn physically fit divers, trimix and air gas mixture during deep diving did not cause relevant changes in the inflammatory markers tested.

Indexed as

Decompression SicknessGasesInflammationBiomarkersDivingHumansSeawaterVascular Endothelial Growth Factor ABiomarkersGasesVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AAirDecompression sicknessDeep divingDiving researchInflammationTrimix

Identifiers

PMID34157728
PMCPMC8426122
OpenAlexW3177344680

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.