ReviewBiochemical Society transactions2021
Sequence determinants, function, and evolution of CpG islands.
Review in Biochemical Society transactions, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Integrated Transcriptome and Methylome Analyses Reveal Sex-Specific Molecular Responses to Chronic Heat Stress in Tongue Sole (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- The nutrigenomic-epigenetic axis in cancer: from dietary bioactives to precision oncology.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Review
- Cardiac epigenome in heart development and disease.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Epigenetic Therapies for Inflammatory and Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Molecular pathways in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: focus on synaptic plasticity and epigenetic modifications.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- A single-cell multiomics roadmap of zebrafish spermatogenesis reveals regulatory principles of male germline formation.Molecular systems biology · 2026Article
- DNA-mediated ZNF649 downregulation modulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway to reduce the sensitivity of gastric cardia cancer to 5-FU.Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition · 2026Article
- Prior exposure to hypoxia alters DNA methylation patterns in the eastern oyster.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Advancements in DNA methylation technologies and their application in cancer diagnosis.Epigenetics · 2025Review
- Next generation sequencing and beyond: a review of genomic sequencing methods.Functional & integrative genomics · 2025Article
- Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and large offspring syndrome involve alterations in methylome, transcriptome, and chromatin configuration.NAR molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Steroid hormone-mediated epigenetic programming during puberty: uncovering links to depression.Epigenomics · 2025Review
- Phylo-Epigenetic Conservation and CpG Erosion inGenes · 2025Article
- The role of epigenetics in cancer: From pathways to the clinic.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Review
- 5-mC DNA methylation in neurodevelopment: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- The CpG Landscape of Protein Coding DNA in Vertebrates.Evolutionary applications · 2025Article
- DNAm age differences between infinium methylationEPICv1 vs EPICv2 in buffy coat, PBMC, and saliva samples.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Analysis of PlacentalInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The effect of exercise and physical activity on skeletal muscle epigenetics and metabolic adaptations.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In vertebrates, cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides are predominantly methylated, with ∼80% of all CpG sites containing 5-methylcytosine (5mC), a repressive mark associated with long-term gene silencing. The exceptions to such a globally hypermethylated state are CpG-rich DNA sequences called CpG islands (CGIs), which are mostly hypomethylated relative to the bulk genome. CGIs overlap promoters from the earliest vertebrates to humans, indicating a concerted evolutionary drive compatible with CGI retention. CGIs are characterised by DNA sequence features that include DNA hypomethylation, elevated CpG and GC content and the presence of transcription factor binding sites. These sequence characteristics are congruous with the recruitment of transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes, and transcriptional activation in general. CGIs colocalize with sites of transcriptional initiation in hypermethylated vertebrate genomes, however, a growing body of evidence indicates that CGIs might exert their gene regulatory function in other genomic contexts. In this review, we discuss the diverse regulatory features of CGIs, their functional readout, and the evolutionary implications associated with CGI retention in vertebrates and possibly in invertebrates.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.