ArticleJournal of cellular and molecular medicine2021
Smoking increases oral mucosa susceptibility to Candida albicans infection via the Nrf2 pathway: In vitro and animal studies.
Article in Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of 0.12% Chlorhexidine and Salvadora persica-based Mouthwash in Reducing Oral Candida Carriage and Periodontal Inflammation in Cigarette Smokers and Non-smokers after Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2023Trial
- Emerging antifungal strategies against Candida albicans using metal-organic frameworks and novel therapeutics: Opportunities and challenges.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2026Review
- Review
- Tobacco-Induced Oral Dysbiosis and Microbial Shifts: A Narrative Review of Their Role in Systemic Inflammation and Disease.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Activated carbon attenuates nicotine and Candida albicans-induced oral leukoplakia via modulation of IL-17R signaling and oxidative stress: an in vivo study.Head & face medicine · 2026Article
- Update on the role of mycobiome in Gastrointestinal cancers: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Gut bacteria: protective mediators, pathogenic contributors and novel therapeutic targets in Candida albicans infections.Gut pathogens · 2025Review
- Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Prevent Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Patients Using Inhaled Corticosteroids: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Role of Nrf2 in the Regulation of Periodontitis, Peri-implantitis, Dentin Infection, and Apical Periodontitis.Biological procedures online · 2025Review
- Oral Yeasts Carriage in Prediabetic Smokers and Nonsmokers.International dental journal · 2025Article
- Exploring oral candidiasis among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in eastern Iran.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2024Article
- Impact of the Tobacco Heating System and Cigarette Smoking on the Oral Cavity: A Pilot Study.Dentistry journal · 2023Article
- Review
- The potential roles of cigarette smoke-induced extracellular vesicles in oral leukoplakia.European journal of medical research · 2023Review
- Appraisal and characterization of candida load isolated from the oral cavity of smokers.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2023Article
- Assessing the Effect of Curcumin on the Oral Mucosal Cytomorphometry and Candidal Species Specificity in Tobacco Users: A Pilot Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
- The research progress in the interaction betweenFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Smoking-aggravated oral candidiasis: Nrf2 pathway dampens NLRP3 inflammasome.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2021Article
- Smoking increases oral mucosa susceptibility to Candida albicans infection via the Nrf2 pathway: In vitro and animal studies.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking and Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection are risk factors for many oral diseases. Several studies have reported a close relationship between smoking and the occurrence of C. albicans infection. However, the exact underlying mechanism of this relationship remains unclear. We established a rat infection model and a C. albicans-Leuk1 epithelial cell co-culture model with and without smoke exposure to investigate the mechanism by which smoking contributes to C. albicans infection. Oral mucosa samples from healthy individuals and patients with oral leucoplakia were also analysed according to their smoking status. Our results indicated that smoking induced oxidative stress and redox dysfunction in the oral mucosa. Smoking-induced Nrf2 negatively regulated the NLRP3 inflammasome, impaired the oral mucosal defence response and increased the oral mucosa susceptibility to C. albicans. The results suggest that the Nrf2 pathway could be involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases by mediating an antioxidative response to cigarette smoke exposure and suppressing host immunity against C. albicans.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.