ReviewDiabetes2021
Etiology of Autoimmune Islet Disease: Timing Is Everything.
Review in Diabetes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis: Mechanisms, Early Diagnostic Strategies, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Review
- Predictive Autoantibodies Before the Diagnosis of Type I Diabetes in Adults.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The Influence of X Chromosome Parent-of-Origin on Glycemia in Individuals with Turner Syndrome.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Profiling associations of interactive ligand-receptors (HLA class I and KIR gene products) with the progression to type 1 diabetes among seroconverted participants.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related type 1 diabetes mellitus with closely monitored dynamics of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels before and after disease onset.Diabetology international · 2025Article
- Leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning to accelerate discovery of disease-modifying therapies in type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Estimation of Individual Positive Anti-Islet Autoantibodies from 3 Screen ICA Titer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The pathogenic "symphony" in type 1 diabetes: A disorder of the immune system, β cells, and exocrine pancreas.Cell metabolism · 2023Review
- Possible heterogeneity of initial pancreatic islet beta-cell autoimmunity heralding type 1 diabetes.Journal of internal medicine · 2023Review
- Dietary Intake and Body Mass Index Influence the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Genetically At-Risk Children: A Mediation Analysis Using the TEDDY Cohort.Pediatric diabetes · 2023Article
- HbA1c as a time predictive biomarker for an additional islet autoantibody and type 1 diabetes in seroconverted TEDDY children.Pediatric diabetes · 2022Article
- Review
- The pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of type 1 diabetes: time (thankfully) does not stand still.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Life is about timing. -Carl LewisThe understanding of autoimmune type 1 diabetes is increasing, and examining etiology separate from pathogenesis has become crucial. The components to explain type 1 diabetes development have been known for some time. The strong association with HLA has been researched for nearly 50 years. Genome-wide association studies added another 60+ non-HLA genetic factors with minor contribution to risk. Insulitis has long been known to be present close to clinical diagnosis. T and B cells recognizing β-cell autoantigens are detectable prior to diagnosis and in newly diagnosed patients. Islet autoantibody tests against four major autoantigens have been standardized and used as biomarkers of islet autoimmunity. However, to clarify the etiology would require attention to time. Etiology may be defined as the cause of a disease (i.e., type 1 diabetes) or abnormal condition (i.e., islet autoimmunity). Timing is everything, as neither the prodrome of islet autoimmunity nor the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes tells us much about the etiology. Rather, the islet autoantibody that appears first and persists would mark the diagnosis of an autoimmune islet disease (AID). Events after the diagnosis of AID would represent the pathogenesis. Several islet autoantibodies without (stage 1) or with impaired glucose tolerance (stage 2) or with symptoms (stage 3) would define the pathogenesis culminating in clinical type 1 diabetes. Etiology would be about the timing of events that take place before the first-appearing islet autoantibody.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.