ArticleThe American journal of psychiatry2021
Genetic, Clinical, and Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Stimulant Treatment Outcomes in ADHD.
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In one paragraph
Article in The American journal of psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
2.7field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- A multi-cohort assessment of the polygenic prediction in ADHD treatment response.Psychiatry research · 2026Pooled it
- Factors Influencing Treatment Dropout Among Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Patients: A Survival Analysis.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2026Article
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and premature mortality: A narrative review of the literature.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic signatures of early- versus late-diagnosed ADHD and implications for treatment heterogeneity.Discover mental health · 2026Article
- Psychiatric and neurological predictors of early ADHD medication discontinuation across the lifespan: a multinational study.BMJ mental health · 2026Article
- Review
- Effects of repeated low-dose LSD on neuropsychological functioning in adults with ADHD: a randomized placebo-controlled study.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Discontinuation and reinitiation of pharmacological treatment for ADHD among individuals with ADHD and substance use disorder.BMJ mental health · 2026Article
- Common and rare variant contributions to discontinuation of stimulant treatment in ADHD.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Genome data based deep learning identified new genes predicting pharmacological treatment response of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- The contribution of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder polygenic load to metabolic and cardiovascular health outcomes: a large-scale population and sibling study.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- A Longitudinal Analysis of Concerning Psychotropic Medication Regimens Among Adolescents in Foster Care.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2023Article
- An overview on neurobiology and therapeutics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Discover mental health · 2023Review
- Treatment biomarkers for ADHD: Taking stock and moving forward.Translational psychiatry · 2022Review
- The role of ADHD genetic risk in mid-to-late life somatic health conditions.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- High polygenic predisposition for ADHD and a greater risk of all-cause mortality: a large population-based longitudinal study.BMC medicine · 2022Article
- Genetics in the ADHD Clinic: How Can Genetic Testing Support the Current Clinical Practice?Frontiers in psychology · 2022Review
- The lived experiences of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A rapid review of qualitative evidence.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Isabell BrikellLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).ORCID 0000-0002-3800-6665
Theresa WimberleyLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Clara AlbiñanaLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Emil Michael PedersenLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Bjarni Jóhann VilhjálmssonLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Esben AgerboLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Ditte DemontisLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Anders D BørglumLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Andrew J SchorkLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Sonja LaBiancaLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Thomas WergeLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Ole MorsLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
David M HougaardLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Anita ThaparLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Preben Bo MortensenLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Søren DalsgaardLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Demontis, Børglum, Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Mors, Hougaard, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Pedersen, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Demontis, Børglum); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (Schork, LaBianca, Werge); Department of Clinical Medicine and Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark (Mors); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, U.K. (Thapar).
Lundbeck Foundation · DK
Funding
5/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Finding actionable variationU01MH109514 · NIMH · CARDIFF UNIVERSITY · PI O'DONOVAN, MICHAEL · 2016 to 2020
$2.9MNIMH NIH HHS U01 MH109514Wellcome Trust 204895/Z/16/Z
Abstract
objectiveStimulant medications are effective for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet discontinuation and switch to nonstimulant ADHD medications are common. This study aimed to identify genetic, clinical, and sociodemographic factors influencing stimulant treatment initiation, discontinuation, and switch to nonstimulants in individuals with ADHD.
methodsThe authors obtained genetic and national register data for 9,133 individuals with ADHD from the Danish iPSYCH2012 sample and defined stimulant treatment initiation, discontinuation, and switch from prescriptions. For each stimulant treatment outcome, they examined associations with polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for psychiatric disorders and clinical and sociodemographic factors using survival analyses, and conducted genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and estimated single-nucleotide polymorphism heritability (h
resultsEighty-one percent of the sample initiated stimulant treatment. Within 2 years, 45% discontinued stimulants and 15% switched to nonstimulants. Bipolar disorder PRS (hazard ratio=1.05, 95% CI=1.02, 1.09) and schizophrenia PRS (hazard ratio=1.07, 95% CI=1.03, 1.11) were associated with discontinuation. Depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia PRSs were marginally but not significantly associated with switch (hazard ratio range, 1.05-1.07). No associations were observed for ADHD and autism PRSs. Individuals diagnosed with ADHD at age 13 or older had higher rates of stimulant initiation, discontinuation, and switch (hazard ratio range, 1.27-2.01). Psychiatric comorbidities generally reduced rates of initiation (hazard ratio range, 0.84-0.88) and increased rates of discontinuation (hazard ratio range, 1.19-1.45) and switch (hazard ratio range, 1.40-2.08). h
conclusionsThe study findings suggest that individuals with ADHD with higher polygenic liability for mood and/or psychotic disorders, delayed ADHD diagnosis, and psychiatric comorbidities have a higher risk for stimulant treatment discontinuation and switch to nonstimulants. Despite the study's limited sample size, one putative GWAS hit for switch was identified, illustrating the potential of utilizing genomics linked to prescription databases to advance ADHD pharmacogenomics.
Indexed as
AdolescentAdultAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityCentral Nervous System StimulantsChildChild, PreschoolComorbidityDemographyFemaleGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMaleMental DisordersMultifactorial InheritancePolymorphism, Single NucleotideRisk FactorsCentral Nervous System StimulantsAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Electronic Health RecordsNeurodevelopmental DisordersPharmacogeneticsPolygenic Risk ScoresTreatment Discontinuation
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