ArticleInternational health2022
Tracking immunization coverage, dropout and equity gaps among children ages 12-23 months in Malawi - bottleneck analysis of the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey.
Article in International health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Vaccination dropout among children in Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- A rapid systematic review and evidence synthesis of effective coverage measures and cascades for childbirth, newborn and child health in low- and middle-income countries.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Spatial distribution and multilevel analysis of full vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 months in Democratic Republic of Congo.Global epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Missed Opportunities for Childhood Immunization in Pakistan: Failure to Vaccinate Despite Health System Contact.Gates open research · 2026Article
- Assessing vaccination coverage quality in Jamaica during COVID-19 using vcqiR: insights from the 2022 MICS.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2026Article
- Associations between vaccination clinic factors and DTaP dropout in China: A cross-sectional study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Assessing immunization coverage in Southern togo: implications for perennial malaria chemoprevention delivery.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Associated factors for dropout of first versus third doses of pentavalent vaccination in Tanzania.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Characteristics of Studies Focusing on Vaccine Series Completion Among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Socio-demographic disparities in basic under-two immunization coverage: insights from the 2016 Malawi demographic and health survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Path to full immunisation coverage, role of each vaccine and their importance in the immunisation programme: a cross-sectional analytical study of India.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- A stacked ensemble machine learning model for the prediction of pentavalent 3 vaccination dropout in East Africa.Frontiers in big data · 2025Article
- Determinants of Access to the Pentavalent 3 Vaccine Among Children Aged 0-23 months in Cameroon Based on the Demographic and Health Survey 2018.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Routine Immunization Status and Factors Associated with Immunization Coverage among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Tanzania.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Further analysis of determinants of Pentavalent and Measles immunizations dropouts among children under five years of age in Ethiopia from Mini-EDHS 2019.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Bayesian spatial analysis of incomplete vaccination among children aged 12-23 months in Nigeria.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Low Measles Vaccination Coverage and Spatial Analysis of High Measles Vaccination Dropout in Ethiopia's Underprivileged Areas.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundBetween 2010 and 2016, the proportion of children 12-23 months of age who received full immunization in Malawi decreased from 81% to 76%. Most studies on immunization have mainly focused on the risk factors of vaccination coverage while data on dropouts and equity gaps is very scanty. Thus the aim of the present study was to describe the trend in immunization coverage, dropout rates and effective immunization coverage (EIC) among children ages 12-23 months in Malawi.
methodsSecondary analyses of the cross-sectional data obtained from the three waves of the Demographic and Health Surveys (2004, 2010 and 2015-16) were conducted. Using bottleneck analysis, outputs were generated based on service coverage, demand/equity (service utilization) and quality (full immunization). The World Health Organization benchmarks were used to assess gaps in the immunization coverage indicators.
resultsThe coverage was >90.0% in most of the antigens while full immunization status was estimated at 65%, 84% and 73% in 2004, 2010 and 2015, respectively. The highest coverage was observed in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and lowest in oral polio vaccine 1 (OPV1). OPV1 coverage was <90% in the 2004 cohort year, while pentavalent 3 (Penta3) and measles-containing vaccine 1 (MCV1) coverages were <90% in 2004. Dropout rates of Penta3 and MCV1 were significantly >10% in 2004. The logistic regression analyses showed that children were significantly less likely to be immunized with Penta3 and MCV1 in all cohort years compared with Penta1.
conclusionsAlthough immunization coverage was in line with the national and district targets for various antigens, full vaccination coverage (FVC) is still lagging behind. Furthermore, the dropout rates for Penta3 and MCV1 showed upside U-shaped patterns. Thus health education, supervision and orientation of service providers are urgently needed to address disparities that are existing in FVC.
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