Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34150992›Full record

ArticleJournal of technology in behavioral science2020

Design and Development of a Digital Program for Training Non-Specialist Health Workers to Deliver an Evidence-Based Psychological Treatment for Depression in Primary Care in India.

Azaz Khan, Ritu Shrivastava, Deepak Tugnawat, Abhishek Singh, Sona Dimidjian, Vikram Patel, Anant Bhan, John A Naslund

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of technology in behavioral science, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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  8. A scoping review and expert consensus on digital determinants of health.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Azaz KhanSangath, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Ritu ShrivastavaSangath, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Deepak TugnawatSangath, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Abhishek SinghSangath, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Sona DimidjianDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
Vikram PatelSangath, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Anant BhanSangath, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
John A NaslundDepartment of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Funding

ESSENCE (Enabling translation of Science to Service to ENhance Depression CarE) Scale-UpU19MH113211 · NIMH · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI PATEL, VIKRAM H · 2017 to 2023
$3.7M
NIMH NIH HHS U19 MH113211
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDigital technologies hold promise for building capacity of non-specialist health workers towards scaling up depression care in low-resource settings. The purpose of this study was to describe the systematic approach to designing a digital program for training non-specialist health workers to deliver an evidence-based brief psychological treatment for depression, called the Healthy Activity Program, in primary care in rural India.

methodsThe design and development of the training program involved 5 steps: 1) develop program blueprint; 2) create instructional content; 3) digitize content for a smartphone app; 4) develop a platform for uploading and hosting the digital content; and 5) user-testing and refinements to ensure program functioning. This was followed by field-testing and focus group discussions with non-specialist health workers recruited from primary care facilities in Madhya Pradesh, India, to inform further modifications and improvements to the digital training program.

resultsTraining program development occurred over 12-months, and the final digital training consisted of 16 modules with videos, role-plays, and digital content tailored to the local culture and context. Focus group discussions with 19 non-specialist health workers generated three key action items and modifications to the digital training in response to participant feedback: 1) addressing technical challenges by making the digital content available offline; 2) account for low digital literacy by including a comprehensive orientation session about navigating the smartphone app; and 3) addition of remote coaching to support participants in completing the training.

conclusionsThis study illustrates a step-wise approach to combine evidence-based content with iterative feedback from stakeholders to develop a digital training program tailored to the context in a low-resource setting. Further research is needed to validate this approach and to evaluate the effectiveness of the final modified digital training program, while considering whether this approach can be adopted and replicated in other settings.

Indexed as

depressiondigital technologyhealth systemsmental healthnon-specialist health workeronline learningprimary careprogram developmentpsychological treatmenttask sharingtraining

Identifiers

PMID34150992
PMCPMC8211059

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.