ArticleFrontiers in public health
Educational Attainment Decreases the Risk of COVID-19 Severity in the European Population: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.
Article in Frontiers in public health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Causal effects of education attainment on oral and oropharyngeal cancer: New evidence from a meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Identifying factors contributing to increased susceptibility to COVID-19 risk: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Pooled it
- The role of vaccination, underlying health conditions, and working in healthcare in the socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization: a mediation analysis using interventional effect models.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Empagliflozin Attenuates Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in NAFLD: Evidence from Mendelian Randomization and Mouse Experiments.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Determining population-specific risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility and severity to inform future individual-level integrated risk scoring.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Long COVID and financial hardship: A disaggregated analysis at income and education levels.Health services research · 2025Article
- Causal effects of education, intelligence, and income on COVID-19: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study.Human genomics · 2025Article
- A prospective study of the effect of COVID-19 on psychiatric symptoms and sleep problems from infection to 9-month follow-up.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- The prevalence and influencing factors of COVID-19 in pregnant women post-relaxation of epidemic control measures in Hunan Province, China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Correlations between lichen planus and autoimmune diseases: a Mendelian randomization study.Archives of dermatological research · 2024Article
- Post-COVID-19 condition symptoms among emergency department patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2024Article
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- Mendelian randomization implicates causal association between epigenetic age acceleration and age-related eye diseases or glaucoma endophenotypes.Clinical epigenetics · 2024Article
- Associations between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune skin diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Article
- Knowledge, risk perception and uptake of COVID-19 vaccination among internally displaced persons in complex humanitarian emergency setting, Northeast Nigeria.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Estrogen-modulating treatment among mid-life women and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality: a multiregister nationwide matched cohort study in Sweden.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic and Health Determinants of the Prevalence of COVID-19 in a Population of Children with Respiratory Diseases and Symptoms.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Association of depression with gastroesophageal reflux disease, and the mediating role of risk factors: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Observational studies have reported that the severity of COVID-19 depends not only on physical conditions but also on socioeconomic status, including educational level. Because educational attainment (EA), which measures the number of years of schooling, is moderately heritable, we investigated the causal association of EA on the risk of COVID-19 severity using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. A two-sample MR analysis was performed using publicly available summary-level data sets of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). A total of 235 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were extracted as instrumental variables for the exposure of EA from the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium GWAS summary data of 766,345 participants of European ancestry. The effect of each SNP on the outcome of COVID-19 severity risk was obtained from the GWAS summary data of 1,059,456 participants of European ancestry gathered from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. Using inverse variance weighted method, our MR study shows that EA was significantly associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 severity (odds ratio per one standard deviation increase in years of schooling, 0.540; 95% confidence interval, 0.376-0.777,
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