ArticleAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012)2021
COVID-19 fatalities by zip codes and socioeconomic indicators across various U.S. regions.
Article in Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of the built environment and human factors on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic literature review.The Science of the total environment · 2022Pooled it
- Race, employment, and the pandemic: An exploration of covariate explanations of COVID-19 case fatality rate variance.PloS one · 2023Article
- Investigating the relationships between concentrated disadvantage, place connectivity, and COVID-19 fatality in the United States over time.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Association between area-level material deprivation and incidence of hospitalization among children with SARS-CoV-2 in Montreal.Paediatrics & child health · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Incidence During Different Epidemic Phases in South Korea.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Using COVID-19 Surveillance Systems to Identify and Monitor Disparities: Best Practices and Recommendations.Ethnicity & disease · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is a paucity of literature addressing COVID-19 case-fatality ratios (CFR) by zip code (ZC). We aim to analyze trends in COVID-19 CFR, population density, and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators (unemployment, median household income) to identify ZCs heavily burdened by COVID-19.
methodsCross-sectional study to investigate the US prevalence of COVD-19 fatalities by ZC and SES. CFRs were calculated from state/county Departments of Health. Inclusion criteria were counties that reported cases/deaths by ZC and a CFR≥2%. This study was reported in line with the STROCSS criteria.
results609/1,853 ZCs, spanning 327 counties in 7 states had CFRs ≥2%. A significant positive correlation was found between the CFR and median household income (Pearson correlation:0.107; 95% CI [289.1,1937.9]; p < 0.001). No significant correlations exist between the CFR, and population/mi (Sen-Crowe et al., 2020) [2] or unemployment rate. Significant associations exist between the CFR and young males and elderly females without public insurance. CFR was inversely associated with persons aged <44 and individuals aged ≥65. The percentage of nursing homes (NHs) within cities residing within high CFR ZCs range from 8.7% to 67.6%.
conclusionSignificant positive association was found between the CFR and median household income. Population/mi (Sen-Crowe et al., 2020) [2] and unemployment rates, did not correlate to CFR. NHs were heavily distributed in high CFR zip codes. We recommend the targeted vaccination of zip codes with a large proportion of long-term care facilities. Finally, we recommend for improved screening and safety guidelines for vulnerable populations (e.g nursing home residents) and established protocols for when there is evidence of substantial infectious spread.
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